According to Xinhua News Agency, Shanghai, August 2, 1965, Chinese scientists in the world artificially synthesized the same protein with the same chemical structure as natural molecules, crystal bovine insulin, which opened up the era of synthetic protein.
Today, more than 50 years later, Chinese scientists published a paper in the latest international scientific journal Nature, announcing the first artificial creation of living single-chromosome eukaryotic cells, opening a new era of synthetic biology research.
Can humans create life?
In our subconscious, as long as it is artificial, there is no life. Can humans really "create" life?
In 1996, the cloned sheep "Dolly" was born. However, the scientific community believes that cloning merely “replicates†existing living beings, and is not really “creatingâ€. Artificial life should be based on the principle that genetic traits are determined by genetics. By artificially designing and synthesizing new genetics, "from head to toe" creates a new life body that is different from the existing life of the Earth.
Therefore, in this sense, "100% artificial life" is still far from appearing. However, the latest research results of Chinese scientists are enough to make an important breakthrough in this "Long March Road", which is of great significance.
The Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of the Institute of Molecular Plants of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/The Institute of Biochemistry and Biochemistry of the Institute of Physiology and Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences took the Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the experimental object and used the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to trim and rearrange the whole genome of the 16 chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. "Created" yeast cells that fuse almost all genetic information into one super-longline chromosome. The “Physical Examination Report†indicates that although “major surgery†was performed, the growth, function and gene expression of the “new edition†yeast cells were similar to those of natural yeast.
Dai Junxi, a researcher at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, believes that this result indicates that there is no direct deciding relationship between the number of chromosomes and functions of the existing eukaryotic organisms (at least Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that have evolved naturally. The number of chromosomes can be artificially Changes, while not having a significant impact on cell growth. This subverts the traditional notion that "the natural three-dimensional structure of chromosomes determines gene expression."
Different from the previous minor repairs, small complements, and small syntheses of a single chromosome or a long-chain DNA, industry experts believe that the achievement achieves a systematic and large-scale transformation of the chromosome number of a species, ultimately achieving "artificial" nature. A new life that does not exist in it.
What is the purpose of "16 in 1"?
In biology textbooks, living organisms in nature are divided into cell structures and can be divided into eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells usually have multiple linear chromosomes, and prokaryotic cells generally have one circular chromosome. Yeast used in bread fermentation and winemaking is the most commonly used eukaryote in biological research.
On May 8, 2013, Yan Zhongjun boldly conjectured that the division of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is not “clearâ€, and the two can completely cross each other. That is, eukaryotic cells can also be transformed into a linear or even circular chromosome, carrying all genetic material and completing normal cell functions. So this day, he wrote his guess into the notebook.
Subsequently, in October 2016, the team successfully synthesized the first single-chromosome eukaryotic yeast cells, which were then “systematicly examinedâ€.
Paul Evans, director of the China Institute of Natural Sciences, said that although the fusion operation significantly changed the three-dimensional chromosome structure, it was confirmed that the transformed yeast cells were unexpectedly robust and did not show significant under different culture conditions. Growth defects.
"The genes of the natural yeast chromosome have many repeats, which increase the instability of the cells and easily lead to mutations or mutations. The new yeast cells we created delete these repeats and simplify them."
He revealed that the ultimate goal of "16 in 1" of yeast chromosomes is to discover the inner core of the complex phenomena in nature and ultimately to treat human diseases. "Under the premise of ensuring the normal survival of cells, the more the number of chromosomes is simplified, the easier it is to find more accurately and accurately what the genetic code of the living body is variable and which is immutable."
One day in the future, will human beings create more powerful lives than themselves? Yan Zhongjun said that at present, humans know little about the mechanism of operation of the life genome genetic code. "At the moment, we are at the level of simply imitating nature. It is almost impossible to create a 'bluebook' that is especially out of nature, so it is still far from '100% artificial life'."
In the process of mastering the yeast chromosomal genome, Yan Zhongjun deeply felt the magic of nature. "Microbes change very quickly. If you make a small change, nature will change more possibilities in a way that completely ridicules human understanding." Yeast 1/3 gene is homologous to humans, artificial single-chromosome eukaryotic yeast cells. Birth provides an important model for studying human chromosomal abnormalities.
Synthetic biology "reinvents"
The discipline corresponding to artificial life is called synthetic biology. If genetic editing is still a "small repair" of life genetic material, then synthetic biology is "reinvented."
At the beginning of this century, synthetic biology was gradually formed on the basis of multidisciplinary studies such as genomics, systems biology, and engineering. After years of unremitting efforts, China has formed a large-scale synthetic biology basic scientific research, technological innovation, product development team, a large number of key laboratories and research centers have been established.
In March 2017, the international academic journal Science published partial results of the “synthetic yeast chromosome project†jointly participated by scientific research institutions in the United States, China and Britain. They synthesized five yeast chromosomes by chemical methods. Among them, Chinese scientists have synthesized 4, which has greatly improved compared with the 1% gene sequencing undertaken by Chinese scientists under the Human Genome Project.
This achievement was not only completely completed by Chinese scientists, but also took a big step on the basis of the work of the predecessors last year. Next, how does synthetic biology enter a new era? Yan Zhongjun believes that "thinking innovation in thought + fine implementation in engineering" is two indispensable factors for the breakthrough of synthetic biology in China in the future.
In addition, industry experts agree that it is necessary to strengthen ethical discussions with international counterparts, establish early warning mechanisms, and improve regulatory systems for possible negative effects on synthetic biology. Life is the result of nature's "works" and the long-term evolution of living things. In the next step, synthetic biology should set clear “red warning lines†for changes in biological species and life genes, and beware of destroying existing ecosystems and triggering biosafety risks.
Source: Xinhua News Agency
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