I. Chili pepper disease
1. Symptoms Seedling and adult plants can occur. The onset of seedling stage mainly damages the rhizomes, causing the rhizome tissue to decay, the diseased part to contract, and the seedlings lodging, causing wet rot and withered to death. After the colonization, the leaves were infected, the lesions were round or nearly round, and they were dark green water stains. They quickly expanded to partially or mostly soft rot in the leaves. After drying, the lesions became pale brown and the leaves fell off. Damage to the stems causes water-stained lesions. After the lesions develop, the lesions grow longer. Later, the disease becomes dark brown, the cortex softens and rots, and the branches and leaves above the diseased area quickly wither, and are easily broken from the diseased part. The disease began in the peduncle and appeared as a water-soaked spot, dark green, and after the lesions expanded, the peel turned brown and soft rot, and the fruits fell off or the water loss became a stale fruit and remained on the branches.
2. Transmission routes and disease conditions The disease is caused by infection with Phytophthora capsici. The average temperature of 10 degrees Celsius or more in the ten days, the pepper in the shed can be infected, the incidence of 27 to 30 degrees Celsius is fastest, in the condition of less sunshine, high air humidity, and low soil evaporation, it can infect the disease. Flooding can easily cause severe disease. The bacteria can overwinter on the sick and the seeds, and directly infect the base in the following year. The disease of pepper (bell pepper) is a devastating soil-borne disease in protected areas.
3. Control methods Use disease-free new soil nursery or bed for disinfection. Use 25% of Rhizoctonia WP or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder to mix 8 grams per square meter and 10-15 kilograms of fine soil and apply one third of the soil to the bed. Two-thirds of the soil is covered.
Strengthen field management. Pay attention to ventilation and light transmission to prevent excessive humidity. Choose sunny watering in the morning, raise the temperature and humidity after watering, avoid high temperature and high humidity, remove the diseased plants in time and clear out the greenhouses for centralized treatment.
Chemical control. After colonization, 80% mancozeb WP can be sprayed 600 times to protect it for 15 days. In the early stage of onset, 40% aluminum phosphate wettable powder 200 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times, or 64% antivirus M8 wettable powder 400 to 500 times liquid, 40 kg/mu application liquid , every 7 to 10 days once, 2 or 3 times in a row. Can also be used in the greenhouse 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent, 250 grams per acre, or 5% chlorothalonil dust agent, 1 kg per acre, every 9 days or so, continuous control of 2 or 3 times.
Second, chili anthrax
1. Symptoms of the diseased leaves, initially faded green water immersed spots, gradually turned brown, light gray in the middle, round spots on the lesions. Fruit stalks are sometimes victimized, brown spots are irregular and irregular, and dry when dry. The fruit was attacked, with yellowish-brown round spots or irregular spots beginning to appear in water. The spotted surface had ridged concentric ring veins, and many black dots were produced. When the skin was wet, the surface of the lesion overflowed with red viscous material. The lesions on the fruit are easy to shrink and filmy, and some are broken.
2. The transmission route and onset conditions were caused by the infection of Capsicum infestans. The germ development temperature was 12-32°C, the optimum temperature was 27°C, and the relative air temperature was about 95%. Under greenhouse planting conditions, due to high humidity and high temperatures, the incidence is often heavier. Fruits suffering from sunburn injuries and various damages have serious anthrax problems. High planting density, poor drainage and improper fertilization or too much nitrogen fertilizer can also accelerate the occurrence, spread and spread of the disease. The pathogens overwinter on sick bodies, soil surfaces and seeds, invade the wounds, and are transmitted by wind, rain, and insects.
3. Control methods used disease-resistant varieties, disease-free strains were kept.
Seed treatment. Pre-soaked with cold water for 1 to 2 hours, then soaked in warm water at 55°C for 10 minutes, and then placed in cold water to cool and germinate. The seeds can also be immersed in cold water for 10 to 12 hours, then soaked in 1% copper sulfate for 5 minutes, or immersed for 1 hour in 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, and then washed out with ash or a small amount of lime. And acid, then sowing.
Strengthen field management. Reasonable close planting, formula fertilization, timely ventilation of greenhouses, avoiding high temperature and humidity, pay attention to drainage, timely removal of diseased leaves, diseased fruits and debris, implementation of non-same vegetables for 2 to 3 years of rotation.
Chemical control. In the early stage of onset, spray 70% thiotrenzin wettable powder 600-800 times, or 80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times spray, or 50 % Anthraquinone Fumei WP can be 300 to 400 times liquid or 1:1 : 200 times Bordeaux mixture, spraying once every 7 to 10 days, total prevention 2 to 3 times.
Third, pepper gray mold
1. Seedlings and adult plants can be affected. Seedlings are infected, the apex of the cotyledon is withered, and then spreads to the young stem. The young stem is constricted and becomes thin. It is easy to break off and die from the diseased part. Severe diseased seedlings died and severely destroyed the shed. True-leaf disease appears semi-circular to a nearly circular hazel-striped spot, and later leaves or stems can grow out of gray mold, causing the disease to rot. Adults infected with the disease, a large blister-shaped spot first formed at the leaf margin, then browned to form an elliptical or nearly round yellowish rhinophyte spot, densely covered with a gray mold layer, severe consequential large patches, and dry whole leaves. The fruit was infected, and the young fruit had a brownish brown spot around the fruit peduncle first, dark brown after expansion, depression and rot, and irregular lenticular gray moldy material on the surface.
2. Transmission routes and disease conditions The disease is caused by infection with cinera cinerea. Low temperature (20 to 30°C), high humidity (90%), poor ventilation, high density, poor management, poor plant disease resistance and other serious diseases. The pathogenic bacteria overwinter in the diseased body and the soil, spread by the flow of irrigation water and agricultural production, from the aging of the wound or invasion of dead tissue.
3. Control methods Agricultural control. Shed room ventilation, watering arrangements in the sunny morning, appropriate control of watering, flooding and excessive flooding should not be avoided.
In the early stage of onset, 50% scotch WP can be sprayed with 1500-2000 times, 50% nelly wettable powder 1000 times, 40% polysulfide suspension 500 times, and 36% thiophanate-methyl suspension 500-fold. liquid. It is also possible to apply 10% quick-cylling smoke agent at a protective rate of 250 grams per acre or 5% chlorothalonil dust agent at 1 kg per acre.
When sweet peppers are etched, 0.1% of 50% fasting WP, 50% acetaminophen, 50% nellikon WP or 50% carbendazim can be added to the growth regulator. Wet powder.
Four, pepper virus disease
1. There are two main types of symptoms: Mosaic necrosis. Caused by tobacco mosaic virus. Diseased leaves appear irregular chlorosis, dark green and light green mosaic disease, some brown necrotic spots appear on the leaves, from the main veins of the leaves appear dark brown necrotic stripe along the stem, resulting in falling leaves, falling flowers, falling fruit, resulting in The whole plant died. Leaves deformed. Plant deformation caused by CMV infection, manifested as diseased leaves thickened, smaller or fern leaves, veins chlorosis, shrinkage, uneven lines, internode shortening, dwarfing, branches and leaves clusters shape. The diseased fruit shows spotted or necrotic spots that are deformed and fall off easily.
2. Transmission routes and conditions The disease is caused by the infection of tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and potato prion virus. Excessive temperatures and droughts are conducive to the occurrence of aphids and the occurrence of viral diseases is heavy. Late colonization, stress, lack of fat are prone to virus. Transmission is mainly caused by locust transmission and infection. High temperature and drought are not only conducive to aphid transmission, but also reduce the plant's antiviral capacity. The virus is mainly transmitted through contact with friction and micro-wounds. In field operations, such as pruning, fruit picking, etc., it causes harm through contact with the virus.
3. Control methods Agricultural control. Select disease-resistant varieties, appropriate sowing, cultivating strong seedlings, early planting to promote early-onset, appropriate density, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, water pouring, to avoid lack of fertilizer and water shortage. Pay attention to the peak period of virus disease at the peak of the results. In May-June, pay attention to dry hot air, spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate in time and cool it with water.
Seed disinfection.
Soaking with water for 2 to 3 hours, then soaking in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 to 30 minutes, washing with clean water and then germination.
Chemical control. The NS-83 sensitizer can be used 100 times, need to prevent three times, first 10 to 15 days before planting for the first time, planting to the second time after easing seedlings, and the third time in the early stage of full fruit. It is also possible to spray 0.1% zinc sulphate once in each of the three phases, and also have a certain control effect, or 20% virus A WP 500 times, and 1.5% plant disease emulsion 1000 times. At the same time to control locusts in a timely manner
V. Capsicum Rational Diseases
(I) Burning of sweet bell peppers Daily burning of sweet peppers is a physiological disease that occurs frequently in sweet peppers.
1. The disease The cause of the disease is strong direct sunlight, the symptoms only appear on the sunny side of the exposed fruit, the disease at the beginning of the disease faded. Slightly wrinkled, pale or yellowish. In the diseased part, the flesh loses water, becomes thin, nearly leathery, translucent, and tissue necrosis is hard and tight, and it is easy to rupture. In later stages, the disease is caused by bacteria or saprophytic infections and grows in black, gray, pink, or labyrinth layers. The diseased fruit is perishable.
2. Transmission routes and conditions of illness Day burn disease is a physiological disease. It is mainly due to the burning of fruit epidermis cells by the sun, which leads to the imbalance of water metabolism.
The root cause of sunburn is the poor shading of the leaves and poor plant type.
The lack of water in the soil, the excessive heat and dry weather, the storm after the rain, the heavy soil, and the low stagnant water can all cause it.
The imbalance of water transpiration caused by the plants can cause dryness and other factors.
In areas where virus disease occurs more severely, sunburn disease is particularly serious due to epidemics that cause more dead plants and excessive planting. Calcin plays an important role in the water metabolism of pepper, and the loss of calcium in the soil is large, and nitrogen is too much, causing calcium absorption and other physiological factors. It also has a certain relationship with the occurrence of sunburn.
3. The method of prevention and control is closely planted and intercropping. Large ridges and double rows of dense plants allow the plants to shade each other and reduce the exposure of the fruits in the sun. Intercropping with high-crop crops such as corn and sorghum, using high-stalk crops in shading conditions to reduce the risk of sunburn, but also improve the field microclimate, increase air humidity, reduce the harm of dry hot wind. Specific practices refer to the relevant content of virus disease prevention and control.
Reasonable irrigation. After the result is flooded, the groundwater should be filled with small water and watered in the morning to avoid watering in the afternoon. In particular, sticky soil should prevent anoxic drought caused by excessive watering.
Root fertilization. After applying the fruit, apply 0.1% calcium nitrate and apply it once every 10 days or so. Use 2 to 3 times.
Use shade nets. There may be a black shade net to weaken the light.
(b) sweet pepper pedicure cultivation and greenhouse cultivation of sweet pepper, in the growth and development of the pedicel often occur. Sweet and pungent pungent fruit and tomato pedicel are the same, are caused by calcium deficiency. High temperature, dryness, multiple fertilizers, and more potassium will inhibit the absorption of calcium, resulting in pedunculated fruit.
Plant growth can absorb enough calcium, but the plant vegetative growth is too prosperous, calcium is distributed to the leaf buds, and only a small amount of calcium is distributed in the fruit. In this case, peduncle rot also occurs.
Prevention methods. The soil should be suitable for the development of the root system, take a deep root, and absorb calcium well. Apply more organic fertilizer to make calcium easier to absorb.
(3) The short-bloom staminate flower of bell pepper is dropped during the high-temperature period in summer. Greenhouse-grown bell peppers, short staminate flowers unisexually strong produce stone fruit. Fruits with few seeds, less distribution of assimilation nutrients and stone fruit formation, lion-type sweet peppers occur more frequently. Continued stone formation on the plants will weaken the plant growth potential.
In the normal flowers of long flowered flowers, when the temperature is too low, the anthers cannot be opened and cannot be fertilized, resulting in stone fruit. Therefore, the night temperature must be kept above 15°C.
To reduce the occurrence of stone fruit, well-developed flower buds should be used to ensure good fertilization, and field management should be strengthened so that the plants can perform vigorous assimilation.
1. Symptoms Seedling and adult plants can occur. The onset of seedling stage mainly damages the rhizomes, causing the rhizome tissue to decay, the diseased part to contract, and the seedlings lodging, causing wet rot and withered to death. After the colonization, the leaves were infected, the lesions were round or nearly round, and they were dark green water stains. They quickly expanded to partially or mostly soft rot in the leaves. After drying, the lesions became pale brown and the leaves fell off. Damage to the stems causes water-stained lesions. After the lesions develop, the lesions grow longer. Later, the disease becomes dark brown, the cortex softens and rots, and the branches and leaves above the diseased area quickly wither, and are easily broken from the diseased part. The disease began in the peduncle and appeared as a water-soaked spot, dark green, and after the lesions expanded, the peel turned brown and soft rot, and the fruits fell off or the water loss became a stale fruit and remained on the branches.
2. Transmission routes and disease conditions The disease is caused by infection with Phytophthora capsici. The average temperature of 10 degrees Celsius or more in the ten days, the pepper in the shed can be infected, the incidence of 27 to 30 degrees Celsius is fastest, in the condition of less sunshine, high air humidity, and low soil evaporation, it can infect the disease. Flooding can easily cause severe disease. The bacteria can overwinter on the sick and the seeds, and directly infect the base in the following year. The disease of pepper (bell pepper) is a devastating soil-borne disease in protected areas.
3. Control methods Use disease-free new soil nursery or bed for disinfection. Use 25% of Rhizoctonia WP or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder to mix 8 grams per square meter and 10-15 kilograms of fine soil and apply one third of the soil to the bed. Two-thirds of the soil is covered.
Strengthen field management. Pay attention to ventilation and light transmission to prevent excessive humidity. Choose sunny watering in the morning, raise the temperature and humidity after watering, avoid high temperature and high humidity, remove the diseased plants in time and clear out the greenhouses for centralized treatment.
Chemical control. After colonization, 80% mancozeb WP can be sprayed 600 times to protect it for 15 days. In the early stage of onset, 40% aluminum phosphate wettable powder 200 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times, or 64% antivirus M8 wettable powder 400 to 500 times liquid, 40 kg/mu application liquid , every 7 to 10 days once, 2 or 3 times in a row. Can also be used in the greenhouse 45% chlorothalonil smoke agent, 250 grams per acre, or 5% chlorothalonil dust agent, 1 kg per acre, every 9 days or so, continuous control of 2 or 3 times.
Second, chili anthrax
1. Symptoms of the diseased leaves, initially faded green water immersed spots, gradually turned brown, light gray in the middle, round spots on the lesions. Fruit stalks are sometimes victimized, brown spots are irregular and irregular, and dry when dry. The fruit was attacked, with yellowish-brown round spots or irregular spots beginning to appear in water. The spotted surface had ridged concentric ring veins, and many black dots were produced. When the skin was wet, the surface of the lesion overflowed with red viscous material. The lesions on the fruit are easy to shrink and filmy, and some are broken.
2. The transmission route and onset conditions were caused by the infection of Capsicum infestans. The germ development temperature was 12-32°C, the optimum temperature was 27°C, and the relative air temperature was about 95%. Under greenhouse planting conditions, due to high humidity and high temperatures, the incidence is often heavier. Fruits suffering from sunburn injuries and various damages have serious anthrax problems. High planting density, poor drainage and improper fertilization or too much nitrogen fertilizer can also accelerate the occurrence, spread and spread of the disease. The pathogens overwinter on sick bodies, soil surfaces and seeds, invade the wounds, and are transmitted by wind, rain, and insects.
3. Control methods used disease-resistant varieties, disease-free strains were kept.
Seed treatment. Pre-soaked with cold water for 1 to 2 hours, then soaked in warm water at 55°C for 10 minutes, and then placed in cold water to cool and germinate. The seeds can also be immersed in cold water for 10 to 12 hours, then soaked in 1% copper sulfate for 5 minutes, or immersed for 1 hour in 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, and then washed out with ash or a small amount of lime. And acid, then sowing.
Strengthen field management. Reasonable close planting, formula fertilization, timely ventilation of greenhouses, avoiding high temperature and humidity, pay attention to drainage, timely removal of diseased leaves, diseased fruits and debris, implementation of non-same vegetables for 2 to 3 years of rotation.
Chemical control. In the early stage of onset, spray 70% thiotrenzin wettable powder 600-800 times, or 80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times spray, or 50 % Anthraquinone Fumei WP can be 300 to 400 times liquid or 1:1 : 200 times Bordeaux mixture, spraying once every 7 to 10 days, total prevention 2 to 3 times.
Third, pepper gray mold
1. Seedlings and adult plants can be affected. Seedlings are infected, the apex of the cotyledon is withered, and then spreads to the young stem. The young stem is constricted and becomes thin. It is easy to break off and die from the diseased part. Severe diseased seedlings died and severely destroyed the shed. True-leaf disease appears semi-circular to a nearly circular hazel-striped spot, and later leaves or stems can grow out of gray mold, causing the disease to rot. Adults infected with the disease, a large blister-shaped spot first formed at the leaf margin, then browned to form an elliptical or nearly round yellowish rhinophyte spot, densely covered with a gray mold layer, severe consequential large patches, and dry whole leaves. The fruit was infected, and the young fruit had a brownish brown spot around the fruit peduncle first, dark brown after expansion, depression and rot, and irregular lenticular gray moldy material on the surface.
2. Transmission routes and disease conditions The disease is caused by infection with cinera cinerea. Low temperature (20 to 30°C), high humidity (90%), poor ventilation, high density, poor management, poor plant disease resistance and other serious diseases. The pathogenic bacteria overwinter in the diseased body and the soil, spread by the flow of irrigation water and agricultural production, from the aging of the wound or invasion of dead tissue.
3. Control methods Agricultural control. Shed room ventilation, watering arrangements in the sunny morning, appropriate control of watering, flooding and excessive flooding should not be avoided.
In the early stage of onset, 50% scotch WP can be sprayed with 1500-2000 times, 50% nelly wettable powder 1000 times, 40% polysulfide suspension 500 times, and 36% thiophanate-methyl suspension 500-fold. liquid. It is also possible to apply 10% quick-cylling smoke agent at a protective rate of 250 grams per acre or 5% chlorothalonil dust agent at 1 kg per acre.
When sweet peppers are etched, 0.1% of 50% fasting WP, 50% acetaminophen, 50% nellikon WP or 50% carbendazim can be added to the growth regulator. Wet powder.
Four, pepper virus disease
1. There are two main types of symptoms: Mosaic necrosis. Caused by tobacco mosaic virus. Diseased leaves appear irregular chlorosis, dark green and light green mosaic disease, some brown necrotic spots appear on the leaves, from the main veins of the leaves appear dark brown necrotic stripe along the stem, resulting in falling leaves, falling flowers, falling fruit, resulting in The whole plant died. Leaves deformed. Plant deformation caused by CMV infection, manifested as diseased leaves thickened, smaller or fern leaves, veins chlorosis, shrinkage, uneven lines, internode shortening, dwarfing, branches and leaves clusters shape. The diseased fruit shows spotted or necrotic spots that are deformed and fall off easily.
2. Transmission routes and conditions The disease is caused by the infection of tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and potato prion virus. Excessive temperatures and droughts are conducive to the occurrence of aphids and the occurrence of viral diseases is heavy. Late colonization, stress, lack of fat are prone to virus. Transmission is mainly caused by locust transmission and infection. High temperature and drought are not only conducive to aphid transmission, but also reduce the plant's antiviral capacity. The virus is mainly transmitted through contact with friction and micro-wounds. In field operations, such as pruning, fruit picking, etc., it causes harm through contact with the virus.
3. Control methods Agricultural control. Select disease-resistant varieties, appropriate sowing, cultivating strong seedlings, early planting to promote early-onset, appropriate density, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, water pouring, to avoid lack of fertilizer and water shortage. Pay attention to the peak period of virus disease at the peak of the results. In May-June, pay attention to dry hot air, spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate in time and cool it with water.
Seed disinfection.
Soaking with water for 2 to 3 hours, then soaking in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 to 30 minutes, washing with clean water and then germination.
Chemical control. The NS-83 sensitizer can be used 100 times, need to prevent three times, first 10 to 15 days before planting for the first time, planting to the second time after easing seedlings, and the third time in the early stage of full fruit. It is also possible to spray 0.1% zinc sulphate once in each of the three phases, and also have a certain control effect, or 20% virus A WP 500 times, and 1.5% plant disease emulsion 1000 times. At the same time to control locusts in a timely manner
V. Capsicum Rational Diseases
(I) Burning of sweet bell peppers Daily burning of sweet peppers is a physiological disease that occurs frequently in sweet peppers.
1. The disease The cause of the disease is strong direct sunlight, the symptoms only appear on the sunny side of the exposed fruit, the disease at the beginning of the disease faded. Slightly wrinkled, pale or yellowish. In the diseased part, the flesh loses water, becomes thin, nearly leathery, translucent, and tissue necrosis is hard and tight, and it is easy to rupture. In later stages, the disease is caused by bacteria or saprophytic infections and grows in black, gray, pink, or labyrinth layers. The diseased fruit is perishable.
2. Transmission routes and conditions of illness Day burn disease is a physiological disease. It is mainly due to the burning of fruit epidermis cells by the sun, which leads to the imbalance of water metabolism.
The root cause of sunburn is the poor shading of the leaves and poor plant type.
The lack of water in the soil, the excessive heat and dry weather, the storm after the rain, the heavy soil, and the low stagnant water can all cause it.
The imbalance of water transpiration caused by the plants can cause dryness and other factors.
In areas where virus disease occurs more severely, sunburn disease is particularly serious due to epidemics that cause more dead plants and excessive planting. Calcin plays an important role in the water metabolism of pepper, and the loss of calcium in the soil is large, and nitrogen is too much, causing calcium absorption and other physiological factors. It also has a certain relationship with the occurrence of sunburn.
3. The method of prevention and control is closely planted and intercropping. Large ridges and double rows of dense plants allow the plants to shade each other and reduce the exposure of the fruits in the sun. Intercropping with high-crop crops such as corn and sorghum, using high-stalk crops in shading conditions to reduce the risk of sunburn, but also improve the field microclimate, increase air humidity, reduce the harm of dry hot wind. Specific practices refer to the relevant content of virus disease prevention and control.
Reasonable irrigation. After the result is flooded, the groundwater should be filled with small water and watered in the morning to avoid watering in the afternoon. In particular, sticky soil should prevent anoxic drought caused by excessive watering.
Root fertilization. After applying the fruit, apply 0.1% calcium nitrate and apply it once every 10 days or so. Use 2 to 3 times.
Use shade nets. There may be a black shade net to weaken the light.
(b) sweet pepper pedicure cultivation and greenhouse cultivation of sweet pepper, in the growth and development of the pedicel often occur. Sweet and pungent pungent fruit and tomato pedicel are the same, are caused by calcium deficiency. High temperature, dryness, multiple fertilizers, and more potassium will inhibit the absorption of calcium, resulting in pedunculated fruit.
Plant growth can absorb enough calcium, but the plant vegetative growth is too prosperous, calcium is distributed to the leaf buds, and only a small amount of calcium is distributed in the fruit. In this case, peduncle rot also occurs.
Prevention methods. The soil should be suitable for the development of the root system, take a deep root, and absorb calcium well. Apply more organic fertilizer to make calcium easier to absorb.
(3) The short-bloom staminate flower of bell pepper is dropped during the high-temperature period in summer. Greenhouse-grown bell peppers, short staminate flowers unisexually strong produce stone fruit. Fruits with few seeds, less distribution of assimilation nutrients and stone fruit formation, lion-type sweet peppers occur more frequently. Continued stone formation on the plants will weaken the plant growth potential.
In the normal flowers of long flowered flowers, when the temperature is too low, the anthers cannot be opened and cannot be fertilized, resulting in stone fruit. Therefore, the night temperature must be kept above 15°C.
To reduce the occurrence of stone fruit, well-developed flower buds should be used to ensure good fertilization, and field management should be strengthened so that the plants can perform vigorous assimilation.
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