Essentials of cultivation technology of special short bitter gourd

Short is an excellent local bitter gourd variety, mainly distributed in Xinluo, Yongding, Shanghang and other places in Longyan City. The variety is rich in nutrients, dense and crisp in meat quality, excellent in quality, less in water, bitter in taste, and highly favored by consumers. Moreover, it is resistant to storage and transportation, extensive management, moderate output, and few pests and diseases. It is an ideal pollution-free vegetable and has broad cultivation prospects. Now its characteristics and cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:

1. Characteristics. The plant grows on a climbing scale with strong branching, palmately pentagonal, deeply divided, the leaf is 21 cm long, 13.5 cm wide, and the petiole is 10 cm long. The first female flower was born in section 8 of the main vine. The fruit is spindle-shaped. The product peel is light green and white, and the old ripe fruit is orange-red. The surface of the fruit is furrowed, with large and dense nodules, without wax powder or bristles. The fruit has a horizontal diameter of 6 cm and a longitudinal diameter of 6.5 cm. The average single fruit mass is 170 grams, and the maximum is 500-600 grams. The average yield per mu is 1000 kg, and the maximum is 1250 kg. It is a mid-mature variety, from sowing to harvesting for 110 days, from planting to harvesting for 90 days. It has strong heat resistance, weak cold resistance, drought tolerance, and strong resistance to diseases and insects.

2. Key points of cultivation technology

1. Selection of melons: The melons in section 10-12 of the main vine are selected for seed retention. Such melons have high yield and early fruit formation, and have the characteristics of morning market.

2. Seeding and seedling raising: The cultivation of short bitter gourd in Longyan City is dominated by spring sowing and autumn sowing. In recent years, new cultivation models such as early spring cultivation and autumn delay and high mountain anti-season have been gradually promoted. Arch shed + plastic film) or spring open field cultivation (small arch shed at seedling stage) is sown from early February to early March; autumn is sown in early July; extended autumn cultivation is from mid-August to early September. Sow 0.2 kg per mu. Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water at 55 ° C for 15 minutes, and then continue soaking for 36-48 hours at room temperature. After scrubbing and washing, set germination at a constant temperature of 30 ° C and rinse once with warm water every day. When 70-80% of the seeds are exposed, sow them in a pre-prepared nutrient bowl, and cover the film and small arch shed early in the spring. Always pay attention to removing the film and temperature management after emergence, and carry out 5-7 days before planting Refining seedlings is generally controlled by transplanting when 3 leaves and 1 heart.

3. Fertilization for site preparation: Choose a plot with deep soil layers, fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, and at least 3 years without planting melon crops. After the previous crops are harvested, turn over about 25 cm deep and apply 50-75 kg of lime per mu. Before ditching, ditch and apply base fertilizer, apply 1500-2000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per acre, add 30-40 kg of superphosphate, 10-15 kg of potassium sulfate, and 15-20 kg of cake fertilizer, and then cover the soil to make the furrow, furrow with furrow 100-120 centimeters, formed into a deep groove of 60-80 centimeters wide and 25-35 centimeters high. Planting in early spring should be covered with plastic film, and the border surface should be covered with plastic film and pressed with soil.

4. Planting: When the seedlings grow to 3 leaves and 1 heart, choose to plant on a sunny day, planting in each row in double rows, the plant is 1 meter away from spring planting, and 0.8 meters from autumn planting. In early spring, when mulching film is covered for cultivation, cut the mulch at the planting hole into a round hole according to the plant spacing, dig a certain planting hole, take out the seedlings in the nursery pot (bag) and connect it with the soil, and plant it in the hole. Planting, after planting, timely pouring enough planting water.

5. Field management: 10% rot manure can be applied topping 3-5 days after planting as seedling fertilizer, and 20% rot manure or topdressing can be applied every 7-8 days or 15:15:15 compound fertilizer per mu3 -5 kg, 5-6 kg of urea is applied to the water. When the first melon grows to the size of a broad bean pod, apply 20% of the manure and manure urine, or apply 15 kg of urea per mu to the water. After the first batch of melons were harvested, deep plant-to-plant application was carried out, and 20: 15: 15: 15 compound fertilizer was applied per mu, and water was applied after covering the soil. During the fruit growing period, 500 kg of human feces and urine plus 3 kg of urea, 5 kg of superphosphate and 5-8 kg of potassium sulfate are applied every 5-7 days. If the film is covered with plastic film, the residual film should be recovered in time to facilitate watering. The greenhouse film should be exposed after fertilization in order to avoid the high concentration of ammonia in the greenhouse to cause fertilizer damage. In the greenhouse cultivation in early spring, the soil moisture should be properly controlled before the result to increase the soil temperature. In the spring and rainy season, we must do a good job of clearing the trenches. In case of drought, water should be combined with fertilization in a timely manner or furrow irrigation. Use 3 meters of bamboo or wooden strips to form a herringbone frame about 2.5 meters high. When the plant grows to 30 cm, the vine will be introduced to the shelf. When the main vine grows to more than 50 cm, the whole vine will start. The side vines at the base will be cut off. The first female flower on the main vine is generally removed, allowing the second female flower to form a melon. When pruning, cut all side branches under 50 cm, and remove yellow leaves and weak side branches at any time to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. When there are few insects that spread pollen, artificial pollination should be carried out. Pollination should be conducted on the male and female flowers that are open on the same day at 6-7 am. When pollination, first pick the male flower, remove the corolla, and gently apply the pollen to the stigma of the female flower That's it.

6. Prevention of diseases and insect pests: Diseases mainly include stand blight, cataplexy disease, anthracnose, wilt and powdery mildew. The seeds were sterilized by soaking in formalin 100 times solution for 30 minutes. It can be controlled by 200 mg / kg of agricultural streptomycin or 50% fumeishuang wettable powder 800 times plus 72% plec water solution 800 times liquid spray. In the early stage of anthracnose disease, 25% chardrin wettable powder 1000 times liquid, or 70% Jiafu mixture wettable powder 400-600 times liquid are used for prevention and treatment. For powdery mildew, use 25% myclobutanil emulsifiable concentrate 6000-8000 times liquid, or 25% powder rustin wettable powder disease agent 2000-2500 times liquid. For the prevention and treatment of wilt, use 300% solution of 30% copper dibasic acid (copper succinate fertilizer) wettable powder, or 500% solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for root control. Insect pests mainly include yellow guard melon, silk borer, aphid and so on. Huang Shougua uses 8000 times solution of 40% Fenvalerate or 8000 times solution to kill adults, and 90% Trichlorfon 1500-2000 times solution to control larvae. The silkworm borer is controlled with 0.5% emamectin (Sanling) EC 1500 times, or 40% chlorpyrifos (Xinongbao) EC 1000 times. Aphids are sprayed with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 20g and water 50kg per mu.

7. Timely harvesting: When the young melon is fully grown, the melon stripe is obvious, the peel is shiny, and the fruit top color can be harvested when it turns from green to white. The results were harvested once every 5-6 days in the initial stage and once every 2-3 days during the full fruit period.

3. Seed retention technology: Because bitter gourd is an insect-pollinated cross-pollinated crop, it is easy to hybridize with other bitter gourd varieties to produce hybrids. Therefore, the reserved seed field must be naturally isolated, that is, there can be no other bitter melon varieties within 1000 meters around. Bitter melon generally takes 18-20 days from flowering to seed maturity. When the lower end of the melon grows orange-red, and the melon has not cracked, the seeds are harvested in time. The harvested melons need to be cooked for about 2 days after being cut open to take out the seeds, and then the fruit flesh outside the seed coat should be washed with water, dried and stored in aeration.

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