ScOphthalmus maximu J is a genus of cyromorphs, gills, and diamondbacks. It is a cold-water-producing sea bass produced in Europe. Although it is a carnivorous fish, it has mild temperament and rarely bite each other. And it is easily domesticated and grows rapidly. It is one of the most important marine aquaculture fish in Europe. Turbot adapted to low temperature, low wintering costs, suitable for high-density farming, and expensive, with significant economic benefits, is suitable for large areas of northern China to carry out large-scale breeding of fine varieties. The Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences first introduced this species in 1992 and it was successfully mass-produced in 1999.
The biological characteristics of turbot
Turbot is naturally distributed along the eastern European coast of the Atlantic, from southern northern Europe to northern North Africa, and also distributed along the Black Sea and the Mediterranean coast. It lives in benthic camps in nature. It usually swims less and has a mild personality. It feeds on small fish, shrimp, shellfish and crustaceans. The turbot has a flat, slightly rhombic shape with its eyes on the left side and its back is dark brown with a smooth white ventral surface. The dorsal fins and anal fins are connected to each other without hard spines. The head and caudal fins are small, and the whole body has no small thorns except for the axial axis, and the body has a thick flesh and a small internal organ. The optimum growth temperature of turbot is 14°C~17°C. The tolerance temperature is 0°C~30°C. The tolerance to salinity is up to 40 ‰ and the minimum is 12 ‰.
Artificial breeding of seedlings
Females of wild turbot matured in 3rd instar and males matured in 2nd instar, and their natural maturation period was from May to August. Under culture conditions, sexual maturity can be achieved by male instars and male instars at 2 instars. The gonad development of turbot is particularly sensitive to light. For artificially cultivated broodstock, mature eggs can be obtained from 1 to 10 months under controlled light conditions.
2.1 Broodstock Selection and Incubation of fertilized eggs The broodstock can be obtained through import or artificial breeding. Choosing broodstock should pick fish that are fast growing, robust, free from attached organisms and rickets, and have no "whitening." The broodstock culture process requires a water temperature of 12-17°C and is relatively stable. Ensure that the water is fresh and the food is nutritious. The density of broodstock cultivating indoors is lower than that of commercial fish, usually 2 to 13/m2. Large-scale broodstock can grow eggs naturally and obtain fertilized eggs through breeding. However, most people still adopt the 1:insemination method. Fertilized eggs can be hatched in open or closed water, keeping the water temperature stable within the range of 12-17 °C. Incubation is best done with running water to keep the water fresh.
2.2 Juvenile culturing The density of newly hatched larvae should be 5-20 tails/1. The source of the water should be filtered seawater or groundwater, preferably by UV disinfection. The light source is an artificial light source. The light is continuously irradiated for 16 hours per day and the surface illumination is 200-2000 lux. Micro-inflating during the cultivation, the water temperature gradually increased to 20 ~ C; larvae began to feed 2-3 days after hatching, twice daily. The size of the diet organisms was: the optimum diet for larvae fed two days after hatching was 144 μm and increased to 225 μm by 10 days of age. The rotifers can be fed initially and the density is kept at 5 to 10/m1. 6-10 days after hatching, larvae were fed with newly hatched Artemia nauplii, and the density was maintained at 0.5-1/ml for 20-25 days. The rotifers and Artemia fed by unicellular algae and emulsified fish oil should be strengthened and disinfected. Data show that the combination of dietary supplements rich in phospholipids and Artemia can reduce the number and cost of live baits, and provide larvae with important nutrients that are not abundant in live baits [1]. In addition, the natural copepods have more nutrients than fortified rotifers and Artemia, and are also ideal feed for turbot seedlings. When the body length of larvae is close to 20mm, artificial diets can be fed to gradually change their diet. According to reports, the protein content of the artificial compound feed for turbot juveniles should be greater than 40%, the suitable content is 45% to 47%, the fat content should be greater than 8%, and the suitable content is 13% to 15%. The suitable water content of feed is 10% - 11%, and the ash content should be less than 12% [2]. Culture methods and daily management of turbot Aquatic turbot promotes the use of greenhouse culture methods. This method has the advantages of low investment and good effect. The structure of the greenhouse is similar to that of a winter-style vegetable greenhouse. The lower part is made of brick walls, and the upper part is made of a solid steel frame structure. The span of a greenhouse is generally 15 meters, and the length depends on the scale of cultivation. Digging deep wells near the shed, the depth is generally about 20 meters, so that in the winter, greenhouses can be used to raise the water temperature, and well water can be used to lower the water temperature in the summer.
3.1 Restocking and sorting of larval species The stocking density of fry follows the principle of saving water consumption and is easy to manage. It is determined according to feeding conditions, water quality, water exchange volume and management level. When the water temperature is appropriate and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient, the density can be large and vice versa. Because turbot is grown up, according to the body length accounted for the pool area calculation, generally 4-5cm fry can be 300-500 tail / m3 can be stocked. Stocking densities have a significant effect on the growth rate of fry, and too high densities of stocking will affect the interaction between individuals, causing a decrease in growth rate and an increase in individual body weight [3]. Although there is little mutual disability in turbot, due to the different palatability of the bait, it is often caused by small individual fish that are difficult or scarce to compete for bait and grow slowly. Therefore, when the size of the fish is significantly different during the cultivation, the size should be sorted in time. In order to facilitate management, promote the growth of juveniles and increase the survival rate. Sorting operations should be conducted before the summer water temperature reaches 20°C. Note that oxygen deficiency is not possible during the operation. Therefore, after the water level is lowered, work can be performed while flowing water, and the amount of air charge can be increased. A pool is best to sort once, and it cannot be divided every day. If a real sort is not finished, it can be separated after a few days.
3.2 Feed Processing and Feeding A large number of aquaculture practices have proven that turbot has a higher demand for feed nutrients and feed quality has a direct impact on turbot growth. Bromley [4] pointed out in the nutritional demand study of turbot that a high proportion of protein and low fat in foods are necessary for rapid growth of turbot.
In order to strengthen the nutrition of fish and prevent the occurrence of nutritional diseases due to improper formulation of bait, the common practice is to use the powdered feed for turbot specially developed by scientific research units to mix with frozen or fresh fish to make soft pellet feed. When preparing your own feed, you should pay attention to the content of starch can not exceed 20%, and appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals, such as fatty acids. Frozen fish or fresh fish used to process soft-core feeds are mainly sardines, jade fish, horse mackerel, squid and other miscellaneous fish. Fresh sea fish can also be directly fed into adult fish after washing, but it is easy to pollute the water and it is not easy to add nutrients and antibiotics. The weight of the fish was l00g before feeding 3 times a day, and then 2 times a day. When weighing 600-800g, feed it once a day in the evening. When the water temperature is lower than 12-13°C or higher than 22°C and the fish ingests food poorly, the number of feedings and the amount of feeding can be reduced appropriately; in addition, the oxygen consumption of the fish after satiation increases sharply and the medicinal bath is performed. Also reduce the number of baits or stop bait. The specific feeding amount is determined according to the fish feeding condition. In principle, there can be no residual bait. In the high temperature season, the amount of bait is controlled at 50%-60% of the satiety, and at the same time, the amount of added vitamins is enhanced. When feeding, attention should be paid to the observation of the fish’s feeding conditions and changes in food intake. If food intake is found to be poor, it should be identified in a timely manner.
3.3 Water quality regulation Water quality regulation is mainly controlled by adjusting the amount of water exchange. The water exchange volume is maintained at 5 to 10 cycles/day, and comprehensive consideration should be given based on the density of cultivation and the water supply situation. When the water temperature exceeds 20°C, it is necessary to increase the amount of water exchange. When the water temperature is above 22°C for a long time, it is necessary to take cooling measures. In order to prevent the occurrence of hyperthermia reaction of turbot causing congestive death. During the cultivation, the water temperature should be measured regularly, and the dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH value, sulfide content, and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the water body should be measured every day.
3.4 Other managements should carefully observe the status of fish groups several times a day. Well-conditioned fish groups often concentrate at one or more places at the bottom of the pool. If the fish spreads in the pool or moves around, the general state is not good. Observe whether the fish in the pool is darkened, traumatic or swimming, or eating abnormalities. If abnormal conditions are found, further fishery disease should be checked in time in order to take preventive measures. It is an important measure to prevent the spread of fish diseases when fish and dead fish are found to be removed immediately.
4. Disease prevention and treatment
4.1 The prevention and treatment of fish diseases during the cultivation should be based on prevention. At the same time, we must pay attention to keeping the water fresh, and aquaculture water should be strictly disinfected; fresh and strictly fortified, cleaned, and sterilized bait should be used. A medicated bath may be administered every 15 to 20 days by using a (10-20) 10-6 concentration antibiotic or a (100-200) 10-6 formalin bath for 1-2 hours. Medicinal baths should be done in the middle of the night.
4.2 Treatment of several common diseases (1) Bacterial sepsis: A secondary bacterial infectious disease caused by multiple causes (such as nutritional imbalance, deterioration of water quality, etc.), caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, or Infection caused by multiple bacterial infections. The drug treatment method used "pharmaceutical bath" 5ppm to 8ppm medicinal bath for sick fish. Each time the medicine bath was used for 3 hours and used for 3 days - 4 days. Oral "complex ciprofloxacin hydrochloride" 5g/kg, add "combined vitamins for fish" 3e/ks, plus "disease-resistant nutrients" 1.5g/kg. 2) Ascites: Caused by dull Edwards bacteria. Symptoms include ascites in the abdominal cavity and gluey ascites. The liver, spleen, and kidneys are swollen and faded, with enteritis, cloudy eyes, and many white spots on the kidneys. The treatment is tetracycline 6g/kg or doxycycline 4g/kg. Stir the bait and bait for 7-9 days, and use doxycycline 40g + lactic acid TMP10g/m3 in a bath for 5-7 days. (3) Streptococcal disease: caused by streptococcal infection, the affected fish brain and kidneys contain a large number of pure cultured streptococci. Treatments were given 3 erythromycin baits and 20x10-4 erythromycin baths. (4) Bad tail, rotten border disease: caused by the bacterium. The treatment method is to use sodium niflation 30-50*10-4 to bath for 2 hours and simultaneously feed 2% 0 oxytetracycline baits.
The biological characteristics of turbot
Turbot is naturally distributed along the eastern European coast of the Atlantic, from southern northern Europe to northern North Africa, and also distributed along the Black Sea and the Mediterranean coast. It lives in benthic camps in nature. It usually swims less and has a mild personality. It feeds on small fish, shrimp, shellfish and crustaceans. The turbot has a flat, slightly rhombic shape with its eyes on the left side and its back is dark brown with a smooth white ventral surface. The dorsal fins and anal fins are connected to each other without hard spines. The head and caudal fins are small, and the whole body has no small thorns except for the axial axis, and the body has a thick flesh and a small internal organ. The optimum growth temperature of turbot is 14°C~17°C. The tolerance temperature is 0°C~30°C. The tolerance to salinity is up to 40 ‰ and the minimum is 12 ‰.
Artificial breeding of seedlings
Females of wild turbot matured in 3rd instar and males matured in 2nd instar, and their natural maturation period was from May to August. Under culture conditions, sexual maturity can be achieved by male instars and male instars at 2 instars. The gonad development of turbot is particularly sensitive to light. For artificially cultivated broodstock, mature eggs can be obtained from 1 to 10 months under controlled light conditions.
2.1 Broodstock Selection and Incubation of fertilized eggs The broodstock can be obtained through import or artificial breeding. Choosing broodstock should pick fish that are fast growing, robust, free from attached organisms and rickets, and have no "whitening." The broodstock culture process requires a water temperature of 12-17°C and is relatively stable. Ensure that the water is fresh and the food is nutritious. The density of broodstock cultivating indoors is lower than that of commercial fish, usually 2 to 13/m2. Large-scale broodstock can grow eggs naturally and obtain fertilized eggs through breeding. However, most people still adopt the 1:insemination method. Fertilized eggs can be hatched in open or closed water, keeping the water temperature stable within the range of 12-17 °C. Incubation is best done with running water to keep the water fresh.
2.2 Juvenile culturing The density of newly hatched larvae should be 5-20 tails/1. The source of the water should be filtered seawater or groundwater, preferably by UV disinfection. The light source is an artificial light source. The light is continuously irradiated for 16 hours per day and the surface illumination is 200-2000 lux. Micro-inflating during the cultivation, the water temperature gradually increased to 20 ~ C; larvae began to feed 2-3 days after hatching, twice daily. The size of the diet organisms was: the optimum diet for larvae fed two days after hatching was 144 μm and increased to 225 μm by 10 days of age. The rotifers can be fed initially and the density is kept at 5 to 10/m1. 6-10 days after hatching, larvae were fed with newly hatched Artemia nauplii, and the density was maintained at 0.5-1/ml for 20-25 days. The rotifers and Artemia fed by unicellular algae and emulsified fish oil should be strengthened and disinfected. Data show that the combination of dietary supplements rich in phospholipids and Artemia can reduce the number and cost of live baits, and provide larvae with important nutrients that are not abundant in live baits [1]. In addition, the natural copepods have more nutrients than fortified rotifers and Artemia, and are also ideal feed for turbot seedlings. When the body length of larvae is close to 20mm, artificial diets can be fed to gradually change their diet. According to reports, the protein content of the artificial compound feed for turbot juveniles should be greater than 40%, the suitable content is 45% to 47%, the fat content should be greater than 8%, and the suitable content is 13% to 15%. The suitable water content of feed is 10% - 11%, and the ash content should be less than 12% [2]. Culture methods and daily management of turbot Aquatic turbot promotes the use of greenhouse culture methods. This method has the advantages of low investment and good effect. The structure of the greenhouse is similar to that of a winter-style vegetable greenhouse. The lower part is made of brick walls, and the upper part is made of a solid steel frame structure. The span of a greenhouse is generally 15 meters, and the length depends on the scale of cultivation. Digging deep wells near the shed, the depth is generally about 20 meters, so that in the winter, greenhouses can be used to raise the water temperature, and well water can be used to lower the water temperature in the summer.
3.1 Restocking and sorting of larval species The stocking density of fry follows the principle of saving water consumption and is easy to manage. It is determined according to feeding conditions, water quality, water exchange volume and management level. When the water temperature is appropriate and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient, the density can be large and vice versa. Because turbot is grown up, according to the body length accounted for the pool area calculation, generally 4-5cm fry can be 300-500 tail / m3 can be stocked. Stocking densities have a significant effect on the growth rate of fry, and too high densities of stocking will affect the interaction between individuals, causing a decrease in growth rate and an increase in individual body weight [3]. Although there is little mutual disability in turbot, due to the different palatability of the bait, it is often caused by small individual fish that are difficult or scarce to compete for bait and grow slowly. Therefore, when the size of the fish is significantly different during the cultivation, the size should be sorted in time. In order to facilitate management, promote the growth of juveniles and increase the survival rate. Sorting operations should be conducted before the summer water temperature reaches 20°C. Note that oxygen deficiency is not possible during the operation. Therefore, after the water level is lowered, work can be performed while flowing water, and the amount of air charge can be increased. A pool is best to sort once, and it cannot be divided every day. If a real sort is not finished, it can be separated after a few days.
3.2 Feed Processing and Feeding A large number of aquaculture practices have proven that turbot has a higher demand for feed nutrients and feed quality has a direct impact on turbot growth. Bromley [4] pointed out in the nutritional demand study of turbot that a high proportion of protein and low fat in foods are necessary for rapid growth of turbot.
In order to strengthen the nutrition of fish and prevent the occurrence of nutritional diseases due to improper formulation of bait, the common practice is to use the powdered feed for turbot specially developed by scientific research units to mix with frozen or fresh fish to make soft pellet feed. When preparing your own feed, you should pay attention to the content of starch can not exceed 20%, and appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals, such as fatty acids. Frozen fish or fresh fish used to process soft-core feeds are mainly sardines, jade fish, horse mackerel, squid and other miscellaneous fish. Fresh sea fish can also be directly fed into adult fish after washing, but it is easy to pollute the water and it is not easy to add nutrients and antibiotics. The weight of the fish was l00g before feeding 3 times a day, and then 2 times a day. When weighing 600-800g, feed it once a day in the evening. When the water temperature is lower than 12-13°C or higher than 22°C and the fish ingests food poorly, the number of feedings and the amount of feeding can be reduced appropriately; in addition, the oxygen consumption of the fish after satiation increases sharply and the medicinal bath is performed. Also reduce the number of baits or stop bait. The specific feeding amount is determined according to the fish feeding condition. In principle, there can be no residual bait. In the high temperature season, the amount of bait is controlled at 50%-60% of the satiety, and at the same time, the amount of added vitamins is enhanced. When feeding, attention should be paid to the observation of the fish’s feeding conditions and changes in food intake. If food intake is found to be poor, it should be identified in a timely manner.
3.3 Water quality regulation Water quality regulation is mainly controlled by adjusting the amount of water exchange. The water exchange volume is maintained at 5 to 10 cycles/day, and comprehensive consideration should be given based on the density of cultivation and the water supply situation. When the water temperature exceeds 20°C, it is necessary to increase the amount of water exchange. When the water temperature is above 22°C for a long time, it is necessary to take cooling measures. In order to prevent the occurrence of hyperthermia reaction of turbot causing congestive death. During the cultivation, the water temperature should be measured regularly, and the dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH value, sulfide content, and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the water body should be measured every day.
3.4 Other managements should carefully observe the status of fish groups several times a day. Well-conditioned fish groups often concentrate at one or more places at the bottom of the pool. If the fish spreads in the pool or moves around, the general state is not good. Observe whether the fish in the pool is darkened, traumatic or swimming, or eating abnormalities. If abnormal conditions are found, further fishery disease should be checked in time in order to take preventive measures. It is an important measure to prevent the spread of fish diseases when fish and dead fish are found to be removed immediately.
4. Disease prevention and treatment
4.1 The prevention and treatment of fish diseases during the cultivation should be based on prevention. At the same time, we must pay attention to keeping the water fresh, and aquaculture water should be strictly disinfected; fresh and strictly fortified, cleaned, and sterilized bait should be used. A medicated bath may be administered every 15 to 20 days by using a (10-20) 10-6 concentration antibiotic or a (100-200) 10-6 formalin bath for 1-2 hours. Medicinal baths should be done in the middle of the night.
4.2 Treatment of several common diseases (1) Bacterial sepsis: A secondary bacterial infectious disease caused by multiple causes (such as nutritional imbalance, deterioration of water quality, etc.), caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, or Infection caused by multiple bacterial infections. The drug treatment method used "pharmaceutical bath" 5ppm to 8ppm medicinal bath for sick fish. Each time the medicine bath was used for 3 hours and used for 3 days - 4 days. Oral "complex ciprofloxacin hydrochloride" 5g/kg, add "combined vitamins for fish" 3e/ks, plus "disease-resistant nutrients" 1.5g/kg. 2) Ascites: Caused by dull Edwards bacteria. Symptoms include ascites in the abdominal cavity and gluey ascites. The liver, spleen, and kidneys are swollen and faded, with enteritis, cloudy eyes, and many white spots on the kidneys. The treatment is tetracycline 6g/kg or doxycycline 4g/kg. Stir the bait and bait for 7-9 days, and use doxycycline 40g + lactic acid TMP10g/m3 in a bath for 5-7 days. (3) Streptococcal disease: caused by streptococcal infection, the affected fish brain and kidneys contain a large number of pure cultured streptococci. Treatments were given 3 erythromycin baits and 20x10-4 erythromycin baths. (4) Bad tail, rotten border disease: caused by the bacterium. The treatment method is to use sodium niflation 30-50*10-4 to bath for 2 hours and simultaneously feed 2% 0 oxytetracycline baits.
Pain Relief Patch(Pain Areas)
Pain Relief Patch
[Name] Medical Cold Patch
[Package Dimension] 6cm×8cm 4pieces/box
The pain relief patch is composed of three layers, namely, backing lining, middle gel and protective film. It is free from pharmacological, immunological or metabolic ingredients.
[Scope of Application]
For cold physiotherapy, closed soft tissue only.
[Indications]
The patches give fast acting pain relief for strains, sprains, cramp, bruises, swollen areas or joint stiffness.
[How To Use a Patch]
Please follow the Schematic Diagram. One piece, one time.
The curing effect of each piece can last for 6-8 hours.
[Attention]
Do not apply the patch on the problematic skin, such as wounds, eczema, dermatitis,or in the eyes. People allergic to herbs and the pregnant are advised not to use the medication. If swelling or irritation occurs, please stop using and if any of these effects persist or worsen.notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Children using the patch must be supervised by adults.
[Storage Conditions]
Store below 30c in a dry place away from heat and direct sunlight.
Pain Relief Patch(Pain Areas),Shouler Pain Relief Patch,Joints Pain Relief Patch, Muscle Pain Relief Patch
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