Manure is rich in organic matter and various nutrient elements required by crops, which has a good effect on increasing crop yield and improving soil fertility, and has been widely used in agricultural production. In ancient times, there was a saying that "more dung will result in more fat, more fertilizer will result in fertile fields, and fertile fields will result in more valleys". In recent years, with the increase of unreasonable application of manure, various problems have also followed.
Composition of various livestock and poultry manure
The main components of livestock and poultry manure are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein and its decomposition components, fat, organic acids, enzymes and various inorganic salts.
Pig manure
Pig manure contains 15% organic matter, 0.5% nitrogen, 0.5%-0.6% phosphorus, and 0.35%-0.45% potassium. Pig manure has a finer texture and a more complex composition, containing protein, fat, organic acid, cellulose, hemicellulose, and inorganic salts. Because it contains more nitrogen, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is small, about 14:1. Generally, it is easily decomposed by microorganisms and releases nutrients that can be absorbed by crops. Pig manure contains the highest amount of humus, the amount of cation replacement is the best, the fertility preservation is the best, but the water content is more, and the cellulolytic bacteria are less, mixed with a small amount of horse manure to inoculate fiber Vegetarian decomposing bacteria can greatly increase fertilizer efficiency.
Cow dung
Cow dung contains 14.5% organic matter, 0.3%-0.45% nitrogen, 0.15%-0.25% phosphorus, and 0.1%-0.15% potassium. The organic matter and nutrient content is low in all kinds of livestock, with fine texture, more water, slow decomposition, low calorific value, and it is a late-acting fertilizer. Because of the high water content and poor ventilation in cow manure, the organic matter is difficult to decompose and is a cold fertilizer.
Horse dung
Horse manure contains 21% organic matter, 0.4%-0.5% nitrogen, 0.2%-0.3% phosphorus, and 0.35%-0.45% potassium. Horse manure contains more cellulose and hemicellulose. In addition, it also contains lignin, protein, fats, organic acids and various inorganic salts. The water in horse manure is easy to evaporate and contains more cellulolytic bacteria. It is a thermal fertilizer. The application of horse manure can improve the properties of clay.
Sheep dung
Sheep manure contains 24%-27% organic matter, 0.7%-0.8% nitrogen, 0.45%-0.6% phosphorus, and 0.4%-0.5% potassium. Sheep manure contains more organic matter than other animal manures, with finer manure and thick fat. Sheep dung heats up between horse dung and cow dung. It is also a thermal fertilizer, also known as a warm fertilizer. It is effective when applied on sandy soil and clay soil.
Poultry manure
Poultry manure contains 25.5% organic matter, 1.63% nitrogen, 1.54% phosphorus, 0.85% potassium, 11% carbohydrates, and 7% fiber. Fresh poultry manure has a higher water content. The nitrogen in poultry manure (chicken manure, duck manure, goose manure, pigeon manure, etc.) is mainly in uric acid form. Uric acid cannot be directly absorbed and utilized by crops and is harmful to the growth of crop roots. At the same time, fresh poultry manure is easy to attract underground pests.
The advantages and hidden dangers of manure
Advantages of manure
The nutrients contained are more comprehensive, and the fertilizer effect is stable and lasting. It not only contains various large and medium micronutrient elements, but also contains some substances that can stimulate the growth of roots and various beneficial soil microorganisms.
Improve soil structure. Rich in humic acid, it can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, make the soil soft, improve soil moisture and air conditions, which is conducive to root growth; increase soil fertility and water retention performance; increase ground temperature, promote the activity and reproduction of beneficial microorganisms in the soil Wait.
Adjust soil temperature. Manure is divided into hot, mild and cool, and has the effect of regulating soil temperature.
The hidden dangers of manure
Immature manure, especially poultry manure, has a high salt content, which is easy to salinize the soil and increase the soil salt concentration. In severe cases, it will cause seeds to fail to germinate, burn seedlings, and burn roots. It also produces harmful gases and poisons plants.
Poultry manure contains more germs, insect eggs, weed seeds, etc., without high temperature fermentation, it is easy to bring adverse effects to plants, and it is also easy to cause pests and diseases.
Due to source problems, some manures may contain excessive trace elements and even contain heavy metals and antibiotics, which can poison plants and affect the safety of agricultural products.
Due to the large amount of impurities, the purity of manure is extremely variable, and the content is extremely unstable. When a single application is used, the nutrient content and effect of the application cannot be guaranteed.
How to use manure
1. The use of manure must be thoroughly decomposed
Manure decomposes quickly after decomposing, which is good for plant absorption. At the same time, most of the harmful insect eggs and weed seeds will die in the high temperature anaerobic environment of 60℃-70℃.
There are currently three common methods for decomposing manure:
One is to decompose manure in combination with high temperature and stuffy sheds. The summer shed has a long leisure period and can be combined with the high temperature and stuffy shed to decompose the manure. The process of decomposing and fermentation is also a process of improving the soil. During the fermentation process, the microorganisms in the soil are very active, which can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure.
The second is boring outside the shed. There is enough time to naturally pile and ferment, and when the time is short, you can use biological decomposing agent when the pile is dull and decomposed.
The third is to use bacterial agents for rapid fermentation. Commonly used are ETS flora, etc., which can shorten the fermentation time.
2. Choose different manure according to different soil quality
In some greenhouses, the soil is very sandy and the leakage of water and fertilizer is serious. Therefore, pure chicken manure or pure pig manure should be selected for manure. This manure has high purity and high nutrient content. Because the manure is relatively sticky and heavy, it is difficult to leak fertilizer. Sandy land has a good improvement effect.
Cohesive soil should be applied with manure with high organic matter content but low mineral element content, such as sheep manure, cow manure, or chicken manure, pig manure containing sand, rice husk, straw, etc., which can improve the physical properties of the clayey soil and improve Its water permeability and breathability. Such manure is also very suitable for improving the shed soil where the soil salinization and compaction are serious.
3. Deeply turn the manure after use
A large amount of manure is concentrated in the 10-15 cm of soil on the ground. Although it is mixed with the soil, the manure is still concentrated. Even the decomposed manure, in the case of such a large amount and shallow plowing depth, will still Affect root growth. Therefore, deep plowing should be carried out after applying manure, and the plowing depth should generally exceed 30 cm.
4. Pay attention to use
Although the manure contains comprehensive nutrients, the total amount cannot reach the absorption and utilization of crops. Therefore, the combined use of manure and chemical fertilizers can reduce the impact of chemical fertilizer residues on the soil and ensure that the nutrients in chemical fertilizers can be absorbed by crops in time use.
The combined use of manure and biological bacterial fertilizer can accelerate the decomposition of manure and accelerate the rate of soil improvement. The substances in manure can promote the reproduction of biological bacteria and consolidate the protection and growth-promoting effects of beneficial bacteria on the root system.
Manure has a certain effect on soil improvement, but the effect is relatively slow. Therefore, products containing mineral-source humic acid, seaweed extract and other biostimulants have a better effect and promote optimal expression of plant genes.
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