First, the selection of varieties, the introduction of technology
1. Choose good mutton sheep breeds (local breeds and introduced varieties). The crossbreeding of male goats can be selected from the following: Dorset, Suffolk, Charolais, Merino, Texel, Dorper, and Boer.
Mating Sheep Breeding Female Parents: China's Mian Goat breeds are rich in resources. There are many good varieties with good meat performance and good reproductive performance. For example, the Little Tail Han sheep, the Ujumqin sheep and so on.
2. The introduction of varieties of technology. When preparing sheep, the analysis should be based on factors such as local agricultural production, fodder and forage, geographical location, etc., and specifically examine the characteristics of several breeds of sheep and their adaptability to the local area, and then determine whether to introduce goats or sheep. Variety.
The most suitable season for attracting sheep is spring and autumn. This is because the temperature in spring and autumn is not low and the weather is neither cold nor hot. The most bogey introduced in the summer, from June to September the weather is hot, rainy, most of them are not conducive to long-distance transportation. If the lead sheep is closer, no more than one day, regardless of the season.
In the selection of sheep, it is first necessary to understand whether the sheep farm has a “Production Permit for Breeding of Livestock and Poultryâ€, “Certificate for Breeding of Sheep†and “Registration of Ear Line Numbers†issued by the animal husbandry department. When selecting, it depends on whether its appearance characteristics are in line with the characteristics of this breed. The ram should choose 1 to 2 years old. The hand touches the testis with flexibility; the hand feels painful and many suffer from orchitis, and the sensation is middle and upper class, but don’t overdo it. thin. Most ewes choose to be around the age of majority. Most of these sheep are in breeding season. The ewes are strong, the nipples are large and uniform, and the number of rams is determined according to the size of the population. The general ratio requirement is 1: (15 to 20). The smaller the population, the more Increase the number of rams as appropriate to prevent inbreds.
Second, the use of hybrid sheep technology
The use of hybrid superiority in the production of lamb, should be based on the characteristics of different varieties and combined with local ecological conditions to determine the appropriate hybrid combinations. In general, the mother ewes are used as the female parent for hybrid production, and the imported foreign meat varieties are used as the parent of the hybrid production to establish a hybrid production system for mutton sheep. 1. Economic hybridization. The most commonly used method is the simple hybridization of two species and the recurrent hybridization of more than two species. All the simple hybrids are used for fattening production, and the female lambs of the cross-breeding offspring, except for some excellent individuals, are used for the next round of crossbreeding. The remaining female lambs and all the male lambs are also directly used for fattening production. 2. Three-way hybridization. The hybridization of mutton sheep production has become the main method for obtaining mutton, obtaining high quality and efficient production of mutton. In most countries, the production of sheep meat is dominated by three-way hybrids, and the terminal species are mostly dumb sheep, hornless or horned multi-tertiary Saite sheep, and Hampshire sheep. The three-way crossbreeding improvement and propagation techniques of meat sheep mainly adopt supernumerary ovulation, embryo transfer, and estrus technology at the same period. The breeding of breeding sheep is well done to ensure stable populations and high quality sheep are supplied to the society. 3. Binary hybridization. The production of meat goats is mainly based on binary crossbreeding, and terminal goats are mostly used for goats.
Hybrids are characterized by strong viability, rapid growth, early maturation, strong adaptability, high fertility, high feed remuneration, more meat production, and better quality, which can save feeding costs and increase returns. As the hybrids produced by the economic hybrids have improved in viability, disease resistance, fertility, fattening performance, carcass quality, etc., compared with their parents, they have become a practical technique commonly used in the production of mutton sheep today. In Western Europe, Oceania, the Americas and other developed countries that produce sheep, the proportion of economically hybridized fat lambs has reached more than 75%. The use of heterosis and the complementary effects between varieties can, on the one hand, be used to improve fertility, survival and total productivity for more economical and efficient production; on the other hand, the growth rate after weaning can be increased by choice. Meat production traits.
Third, the sheep mixed whole grain feeding technology
According to the nutritional needs of the mutton sheep at different stages of growth and development, according to the dietary formula designed by the nutrition expert, a special feeding machine is used to stir, cut, mix, and feed the various components of the ration. The advantages of the fully-mixed ration-feeding technology: 1. Evenly mixed roughage feed to avoid picky eateries, maintaining rumen pH stability and preventing ruminal acidosis. 2. Whole-mix diets provide rumen microbes with balanced nutrients such as protein, energy, and fiber to accelerate the reproduction of rumen microbes and increase the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis. 3. Increase the dry matter intake of mutton sheep and improve feed conversion efficiency. 4. Make full use of agricultural and sideline products and some poorly patronizing feed ingredients to reduce feed wastage and reduce feed costs. 5. Simplify feeding procedures, reduce the randomness of feeding, and greatly improve the accuracy of management. 6. Implement group management to facilitate mechanical feeding, increase labor productivity and reduce labor costs.
IV. Harmless treatment mode of combining animal husbandry with urine waste water
Farm construction waste manure wastewater treatment and biogas project. After the manure wastewater is produced by anaerobic fermentation of biogas, the residual slag produces high-quality organic fertilizer, and the biogas is used as a power generation or heating boiler. After the anaerobic fermentation of excreta waste water, it was harmlessly treated and eliminated the pollution. It also provided high-quality organic fertilizer for agriculture and improved the soil.
V. New technologies for the diagnosis and prevention of major infectious diseases
At present, the types of sheep diseases are gradually increasing, causing great harm, and infectious diseases from livestock and poultry have occurred from time to time, threatening the health of the breeders; obsolete feeding patterns and non-standard aquaculture techniques have complicated the diseases. Therefore, we must promote the use of early diagnostic techniques and related kits to diagnose major infectious diseases; promote the use of new vaccines, especially genetic engineering vaccines.
Six, straw feed processing modulation technology
Mechanical processing methods use machinery to cut hay and straw to 2 to 3 centimeters, or to crush it with a grinder, but it is not appropriate to crush it too finely so as to avoid causing rumination stagnation and reducing digestibility. Thermal processing mainly refers to cooking and puffing, the purpose is to soften the straw, improve palatability and digestibility. Steam cooking and steam cooking can be used for cooking. Puffing is a method in which the straw is placed in a closed container, heated and pressurized, and then suddenly relieved of pressure, exposing it to expansion in the air, thereby destroying the fiber structure in the straw and changing some of the chemical components and improving the feed value thereof. The soaking method is to add 3 to 5 kg of salt in 100 kg of water, and soak the chopped straw in batches in a barrel or pool for 24 hours to soften the straw and increase its palatability.
At present, the chemical processing method mainly adopts the ammoniation treatment method, and is divided into pit-type, stacking, and bag amination. The ammonia source is commonly used in urea and ammonium bicarbonate. Urea is a safe ammoniating agent. Its use amount is 2% to 5% of the air-dried straw. When used, the urea is first dissolved in a small amount of warm water, and then the urea is poured. To adjust the water content of the straw, then spray the urea solution evenly on the straw. When ammonium bicarbonate is used for ammoniation, dissolve 8 kg of ammonium bicarbonate in 40 liters of water and remove it evenly from 100 kg of wheat straw powder or corn stover powder. , and then into a small cement pool or a large plastic bag, practical seal, after 15 to 30 days can be opened for sealing. Ammonia treatment should use clean, moldless straw, and adjust the water content of straw to 25% to 35%. Ammoxidation should be avoided as much as possible during the sweltering period and the rainy season. The ammonia filling and sealing are completed on the same day. The amount of ammonia used must be accurate.
The biological processing method utilizes beneficial microorganisms and enzymes such as lactic acid bacteria and yeasts for treatment. During processing, crop straws and various coarse forages containing no toxic substances are processed into powder, and mixed in proportions of 2 parts of straw grass powder and 1 part of leguminous grass powder; warm water and beneficial microorganisms are mixed in, and piled up and sealed with plastic cloth. Live around and ferment at room temperature above 10°C. When the heap temperature reaches 43°C to 45°C and the smell of koji can be heard, the fermentation is successful. Appropriate to add salt when feeding, and asked to feed within 1 to 2 days.
Seven, meat sheep production information management technology
The adoption of an advanced, applicable, and effective sheep farm management system in sheep farms can not only improve the operating environment of the sheep farm, but also reduce production and operating costs. The degree of standardization and rigor of management directly affect the cost and quality of information management. Through the standardized management of the sheep and sheep farm management information system, it is possible to make the sheep farm leadership's production and management decision-making basis fully, more scientific, better grasp the business opportunities, and create more development opportunities; it will also be conducive to the scientific development of sheep farms. Rationalized, institutionalized and standardized management has enabled the sheep farm management level to reach a new level, laying the foundation for the sustainable, healthy and stable development of the sheep farm. 1. Principles for the division of information systems for mutton sheep breeding enterprises. Under intensive production conditions, in order to adapt to rapidly changing market demands, we have carried out a consolidated analysis of production and operation information in units of weeks, so that we can clearly understand the current status and development trend and find out the main factors affecting the completion of various plans. problem. To this end, we must follow the following principles: The subsystems are relatively independent, and the interfaces between the subsystems are simple and clear; the settings of the subsystems should be dynamic and easy to maintain and debug. 2. Analysis of meat sheep breeding enterprise information. In the comprehensive investigation of sheep farms' information sources, types, transmission methods and treatment methods, the sheep farms are the first to organize themselves. These organizations mainly include the farm office, the production department, the supply and marketing department, and the technical department. The office is mainly responsible for assisting field managers to handle daily affairs in all aspects of the headquarters, and is responsible for the financial transactions of various departments and the financial turnover of the general office and subordinate units, and formulating financial plans, investment recovery period and financial analysis. The production department is responsible for the organization and coordination of the whole production, including the formulation, implementation and production analysis of the production plan; responsible for the production test, implementation, formulation of operating procedures, and the evaluation of the employees' business. The technical department is responsible for sheep fattening, breeding and other technologies. The general affairs department is responsible for the work related to the daily life of employees and the storage of data. The Supply and Marketing Department is responsible for the formulation of feed forage supply plans, inventory management, and sales management. 3. The function of meat sheep breeding enterprise information management.
(1) The function of sheep's production information: The collection function of production and breeding data: collecting seed breeding, breeding fetus status inspection, breeding sheep breeding, weaning data in the production process; growing goats transferring, selling, purchasing, dying, eliminating And production of feed use data; immunization of breeding sheep and mutton sheep; breeding sheep breeding data and other actual sheep farms during production and breeding.
(2) Production statistics analysis function: According to the production data, statistics and analysis of the sheep farm production situation, provide statistical analysis and production guidance information at any time.
(3) Production plan management function: Formulate short-term and long-term production, sales and consumption plans based on the production performance of the sheep, and conduct supervision and analysis of actual production.
(4) Production cost analysis function: According to actual production consumption, sales, inventory, and output, the system provides basic cost analysis data for sheep group accounting, and helps users solve the problem of reducing costs and gaining maximum benefit.
(5) Analysis function of breeding data: According to the actual breeding measurement data and production data, combined with the breeding situation to analyze the reproductive rate, pregnancy rate, breeding ability and so on.
(6) System self-maintenance function: In order to ensure the safety of production and breeding data, the system provides data self-compression save and restore functions. In order to facilitate the use of network users, the system should provide remote network and virtual network data transmission functions, and the system should also provide detailed, anywhere system assistance with illustrations.
(7) Function of supply and marketing information system: market research report: It mainly collects data about customers and potential customers. The data source collection method mainly depends on market research.
Supply and marketing intelligence report: Collect information on competitors and government information on the restructuring of animal husbandry. Supply and sales analysis information reports: information on sheep sales volume and prices, analysis reports on forecasting sheep prices, channel information on sales of sheep, advertising media for sales of sheep, and information on advertising expenses.
(8) Design of the information module of mutton sheep breeding enterprise: Module design is an important step of system design. It is based on the system is divided into several subsystems, further divide the subsystem into several modules. The module represents a processing function, which can be processed by inputting certain information. Then output the information. The information management system is divided into upper-level modules (its functions are more general and abstract) and lower-level modules (its functions are more specific and simpler).
(9) Output of the system: The output of the mutton farm MIS is mainly the statistical statements of various production performances. 4. Cases and results. Zhang Chaofeng, Master of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, developed a sheep farm information management system using Visual Basic 6.0 programming language. The system operation records mainly include eight modules: herd management, herd breeding management, embryo transfer, disease and prevention, reporting, learning and appreciation, sheep management and system. Among them, the sheep management module can manage sheep individual data such as field change, weighing, body measurement, and elimination; the sheep breeding module can perform estrus breeding, pregnancy diagnosis, individual sheep breeding data, breeding pedigree, Information management such as ram collection and seminal fluid effects; Embryo transfer module can carry out information management such as receptor data, donor data, transplantation management, and operation time; disease and epidemic prevention module can conduct disease diagnosis and treatment, quarantine immunization, sheep house disinfection and Information management such as the use of veterinary drugs; sheep farm management module can be used for sheep farm affairs management, sheep management and personnel management and other information management. The system is in accordance with the actual needs of the sheep farm management, rational planning sheep farm management process, to meet the management needs of large, medium and small sheep farms.
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