Pond high-yielding fish culture technology
First, pond fish how to achieve stable production and high yield
1, fish pond. The quality of the fish pond itself is a key to stable production and high yield of pond fish. High-yielding fish ponds require water depth, water width, and water liveness. The water depth is generally 2-3 meters, because deep water can make full use of three-dimensional waters, facilitate stratified fish farming, implement multiple varieties, multi-species polyculture. The width of the water is appropriate to about 10 meters. The surface of the water is blown by the wind, which can automatically increase oxygen and improve the water quality. At the same time, it is also convenient for feeding and management and fishing. Water livelihood requires that the pool water can be filled with energy to meet the standards of “fat, cool, and liveâ€, and solve the contradiction that due to the increase of stocking densities, a large amount of feeding, the pool water can easily cause oxygen deficiency.
2, fish species. The large-scale and multi-species fine fish species are the material basis for stable production and high yield of pond fish farming. Nowadays, high-yielding fish ponds are generally required to have a complete variety (up to seven or eight varieties) with reasonable specifications. In terms of stocking techniques, the main grass carp has been raised and reared with grasshoppers, cockroaches, and oysters to drive the culture methods of the chain and squid to change to eat fish (grass, blue, oysters, clams, etc.) and fertilizers (fish, quail, quail, etc.) ) and replant, pay attention to consolidate and improve the eating of fish, focusing on new potential for the development of fertilizer and fish breeding technology. The specifications for stocking fish species are to be “three generations of Tong Tongâ€, also known as “pago pagoda†stocking, which means that large, medium, and small fish of different ages of the same species are mixed in one pond at the same time, focusing on catching fish of the second age. Species (even with third-instar fish species), such as flower peony, which has a half-kilogram or more and two-three-two-two-year-old fish species, are reared one or two years old; The winter stock and summer fish stocks combined stocking methods. In this way, it is ensured that a certain number of large fish can be captured and listed in the same year, and that about 50% of large fish species can be provided for the stocking of the following year. According to the experience of high-yield production in the field, the yield requirements are raised, and the weight and mantissa of the stocked fish species must also be increased accordingly. The general criteria are: 500 mu (mu) of production per mu, 600 fish stocks, 150 kg of fish, and 1,000 kg of mu. , The stocking species is 900-1200 tails, the weight is 200-220 kg; the stocking species of 1500 jin per mu is 1500-2000 tails, the weight is 300-400 kg; (the summer fish species of carp and rotation are both Not counted.) The squid presented here has a wide range of feeding habits, strong disease resistance, and adaptability to the characteristics of fertilizer and water. In the adult fish pond, with 1,000 breeding fish per acre or 400 species of wintering fish, the yield can be increased by about 100 pounds per acre. This is a high-yielding fish. A fish species worth ponding.
3, bait. Fish production is high and food is a guarantee. "If you don't feed it, it's equal to raising it." Therefore, after the fish is under the pond, first of all, it is necessary to select the food according to the different diet of various fish so that it can be eaten well. For example, green and squid eat snails and other shellfish, grass, grasshoppers like to eat water grass grass plants, flower white worms rely on fertilization to cultivate plankton, oysters, oysters are other fish residual baits and bottom humus as food; but Almost all fish eat all kinds of oil cakes, rice bran, wheat bran, water and other fine materials. Feeding methods, high-yielding fish ponds are generally dominated by crude (natural baits), combined crude and coarse, land and water (water, land grass), alfalfa (shellfish, grass), bait fat and three simultaneously. Under normal circumstances, a variety of fish for each kilogram of long meat, to a variety of concentrate feed 3-6 kg, green, squid to eat 45 pounds of shellfish, grass, carp eat 80 pounds of grass (half land grass). Fertilizer fish fertilizer, in addition to a net increase of one pound of excreted feces can eat about 0.65 kilograms of fertilizer fish, each producing about a pound of fertilizer water 200-300 pounds. Therefore, high-yielding fish ponds must be based on the source of local bait fertilizers, set production targets, and try to meet the needs, but currently there is a general shortage of bait fertilizer supply, the solution is: go all out to compost fat, ponds in the big three homes (hoghouses, cattle houses, poultry houses), two workshops (bean curd workshop, flour workshop), widely source of bait fertilizer, cultivate live bait, grow high-yield bait, actively develop mixed grain bait and feed processing, apply zinc and manganese in fertilization Iron and other trace elements increase the utilization of bait fertilizers.
4, management. The fishermen have such deep understanding in practice that “there is no income, no income, no income, no income and no income.†It shows that strengthening pond management is very important for winning stable production and high yield. The specific work in feeding and management requires: rational feeding and fertilization, and timely injection of water and oxygen in accordance with changes in water quality and floating conditions of the fish. Improve the wheel catcher rotation technology, improve the summer raising index, do a good job of prevention and treatment of fish diseases, implement the principle of “prevention first, prevention and emphasis on governanceâ€, do a good job in the original records of fish ponds, explore laws, sum up experiences, and increase scientific fish farming to A new level.
Second, how to increase the yield of fish farming in rural ponds
1, cleaning and disinfection of fish ponds. Before the fish is released, fish ponds must be drained for thorough cleaning. Excessive silt should be removed, ponds must be trimmed, weeds should be removed, and fish and fish facilities must be set at the entrances and exits. And use clear lime ponds, that is, 1 meter deep, with 250-300 pounds of lime per acre of water. After the quick lime is broken up, it is turned into a slurry, and the hot water is splashed into the pond. If necessary, some basic fertilizer can be applied and new water can be injected. Half a month later, fingerlings were released.
2, launch large-size fish species. The excellent and large-sized fingerlings can not only obtain a high survival rate, but also have strong vitality and a fast growing speed. Therefore, it is necessary to stock large-sized fingerlings, which is a powerful measure to early reach the specifications of food fish and increase output. In addition to the specifications, good fish species should also pay attention to their external appearance and activities. All healthy fish species have abundant back muscles, fat tails, scales intact, no wounds, no congestion on the body surface, bright color, close to the lid, and frequent beating.
3, fingerling disinfection. For the fish species purchased, disinfection should be performed before stocking to reduce the occurrence of fish diseases. Generally, 8-10PPM bleach solution (ie, 8-10 g bleaching powder for 1 cubic meter of water) can be used. When the water temperature is 10-15°C, dip 5 -10 minutes, or use a 3-5% salt solution to dip for 5 minutes. Generally, 100 kg of salt solution can be used to dip 500 large-size fish species more than 3 inches. Salt has killing effect on myxomycetes, water fungus and trichoderma, etc. The fingerlings must be carried out in winter. At this time, the fish scales are close to the fish and it is not easy to damage the fish.
4, feeding and fertilization. If you raise fish with yellow and white maggots, you should fertilize properly to keep the water green, green, and green. This shows that the concentration of fertilizer is moderate, the water is rich in nutrients, and the tea is brown and refreshing. Water with oil film is also very good, tea brown humus is high, oil is clear, brownish water is rich in nutrients. These water colors are suitable for the growth of plankton needed for fish. On the contrary, the water quality of blue-green, gray-yellow, dark-brown and turbid water is bad, and new water must be replaced. Blue-green is the result of large-scale reproduction of cyanobacteria, which is detrimental to fish. Less fertilizer, more grass, as well as bait, bran, and other food. Feeding should follow the principle of four principles: quality, quantity, timing, and positioning.
Qualitative: fish can smell, sweet, bitter, salty, sour and other tastes, so the basic requirements for all kinds of bait should be fresh, tender, live, and suitable (pace).
Quantitative: As the saying goes, "The fish do not eat for one day, and do not grow for three days." This depends on the size of the fish, the density of the fish, and the controlled feeding of different seasons. The daily feeding amount can be determined by the proportion of the monthly feeding and the estimated amount of the feeding pond, and the amount of daily feeding should be determined. The amount of concentrate feed is: the daily water temperature at 15°C-20°C is 0.8%-1.6% of the total weight of the fish. The water temperature should be between 1.6% and 3.5% of the total weight of fish eaten at 20°C-28°C. When the water temperature is below 15°C or higher than 28°C, the feed should be reduced, because this temperature is not the highest Appropriate growth temperature, the amount of crude feed to eat is not left to prevail.
Timing: During the summer and high seasons, it is advisable to feed it every morning. Before the evening, check the patrol ponds and collect the residue. If the fish are fed in the morning and eat well at noon, the weather is normal and they can be fed at noon. Concentrate and coarse material can be fed alternately. The hot summer evening should not be fed, as the fish eats overnight and can easily float and get sick. "White Dew" can be fed day and night. In early spring and late autumn, the water temperature is low, and the ability of the fish to find food is poor. It can be fed at noon when the sun is warm.
Positioning: Feeding the fine and thick food, there must be a fixed food table in order to make the fish form a good eating habit, so as not to cause food waste. If the pool is large and the fish is large, more food tables may be set up.
There are two ways to fertilize, that is, base fertilizer and top dressing.
Basal fertilizer: According to the type of fish pond bottoms and fertilizers, generally about 10 metric tons per mu of organic fertilizers such as pig manure and sheep manure after fermentation are decomposed before the fish species are stocked.
Top dressing: The principle of top dressing: “apply less, apply sparingly, look at water and fertilize†to maintain a certain amount of water. Generally 4-6 months per acre in April-June, can not be applied in July-September (non-feeding ponds should be applied), after September 3-4 can be applied per acre, all organic fertilizers have to go through It can only be applied after fermentation.
5, daily feeding and management. All technical measures for fish farming must be implemented through the daily management of the pond. Therefore, there is a saying of "three points of raising and seven points of charge." In the daily production practice, its management can be summarized as "three mornings, four visits, five defenses, six diligence."
Three mornings: Early Qingtang, after 11-12 months of annual dry ponds, it is necessary to start clearing and provide conditions for early stocking in the coming year.
Early stocking, fresh water is immediately injected and fish species are stocked as soon as the pond clearing is completed.
After eating early in the morning, when the fish are stocked, they will feed on sunny days.
Four look: look at the fish, see the water color, see the weather, see the season, according to the four look can be flexible and flexible to adjust the amount, type, feeding method of daily feeding fertilizer.
Look at the fish: if the fish eats normally, they can normally eat within six to seven hours after feeding, and can increase the amount of feeding appropriately. If they cannot eat after feeding, they indicate that the appetite of the fish is not prosperous, and should be reduced or stopped after prompt analysis of the reasons. Feeding.
Look at the water color: The fertilizer water can be fed normally. If the water color is light, the amount of feeding should be increased, the water color is too thick, and the amount of feeding should be appropriately reduced.
Look at the weather: When the weather is clear, you should feed more, and less rainy days. Before the shower was hot and windless, the feeding was stopped and the fog weather was lowered. It was required to be fed after the fog was scattered.
Look at the seasons: pay attention to the growing season of different fishes, catch the seasons, and focus on feeding. May-September is the growing season of grass carp and head carp. July-October is the growing season for green and squid, and May-September is also water grass and dry grass. When a variety of green fodder grows in large numbers, it is necessary to concentrate on harvesting and feeding grass carp and head carp. After entering the autumn, the green stems are coarse and old, and the quality is low, the quantity is small, the water quality tends to be fat, and the grass carp grows slowly. Therefore, during the summer and autumn, the large grass carp that meets the specifications of the commodity was arrested for listing. After July, especially after the dew exposure, the herring went into a sensational season. When the snails arrive in the season, they should concentrate on fishing for more shellfish, feed more cakes or pellets, feed the herring, and take the carp well.
Five defenses: anti-fish diseases, anti-floating heads, flood prevention, damage prevention, and waterproof pollution.
Anti-fish diseases: See Common Fish Disease Prevention Methods P9.
Anti-floating head: floating head is a common phenomenon in fish production, mainly in the case of larger stocking density and water quality, and it is not a fish floating head in the fish pond to be rescued. The degree of floating head can be from below Several situations to determine:
(1) The weight of the floating head begins in the evening or in the middle of the night; the light begins before and after the dawn;
(2) The floating head is limited to the middle of the pond and develops to the side of the pond;
(3) A slight shock began to sink, a pause stopped and the light went up again, and after being frightened, it did not sink;
(4) Only the head of the head or head of the squid float head is a general frivolous head; pelicans, pelicans and grass carp are floating heads when they are floating heads; if squid and squid float heads, the crickets, crickets, crickets and crickets may begin to die; Catfish and tilapia all float, and there are not many other fish left.
Liu Qin: Diligent ponds, keep abreast of the dynamics of fish, water quality changes, especially in the summer weather is changeable, but also need to work night ponds.
Diligently inspect, check the food market every day, grasp the feeding effect, and determine the number of feeds and the type of bait based on different colors of water.
Diligently do cleaning and sanitation work, and timely remove the waste residue from the pool, get dead fish and other contaminants to keep the pool water fresh.
Ground maintenance, maintenance and management of various fishing equipment.
Diligently record and carefully make various raw data records of the fish pond for easy comparison and comparison.
Diligently study the situation, according to local conditions such as stocking, water color, eating, wheel catching, disease prevention, etc., analyze the growing situation and study growth measures.
Third, fish disease prevention
Fish disease exists in the whole breeding process, especially in ponds with high breeding density and water quality. The water environment is more complicated and fish are often attacked by viruses, bacteria and parasites. The cause of the disease is also varied. For example, the fish is not physically strong, the disease resistance is weak, the stocking density is not properly matched with the species, the nets are dragged to the pond to infect the fish after the injury, and the deteriorated feed is fed to the unfermented feed. Fertilizers, ponds that have not been sterilized or not thoroughly sterilized can cause fish diseases.
The fish is sick and has certain difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. It is also difficult to separate the diseased fish, so the efficacy is often not satisfactory. And the treatment after fish disease can only save the fish that has not been attacked or lightened from death. Some serious diseased fish can be cured by non-drugs. Therefore, the treatment of fish diseases is necessary, and more should be based on prevention. Only by seizing control and trying to eliminate fish diseases before harm can we seize the initiative, and we must conscientiously implement "prevention as the main and prevention as the emphasis." The policy is to strengthen feeding and management, strive to explore and master the rules of the occurrence of various fish diseases, and actively take preventive measures to enable fish to grow robustly.
(a) Methods to prevent fish diseases. The key to preventing fish diseases lies in enhancing the disease resistance of fish and making it as easy as possible for pathogenic parasites to invade fish.
1. Do a good job of disinfection in winter clear ponds. Disinfect the clear ponds every winter, dig away a layer of silt, let the sun on the bottom of the ponds and freeze, kill pathogens and parasites, and disinfect with limed dry pools.
2. Breeding of fish species, prevention of disease prevention, cultivation of large-sized fish species with robust physique, disinfection of fish soaked in fish species before stocking, killing of bacteria and parasites on fish, and then putting them into ponds.
3, grasp the quality of food, feed natural food, must be fresh, tender, live, appropriate (pace). Some concentrates are fed after rough processing to facilitate digestion and absorption of fish food. Feeding must follow the principle of four determinations (quality, quantity, timing, and positioning).
4, improve water quality, reduce fish diseases, water quality conditions directly affect the growth of fish and disease, therefore, in the breeding process, we must carefully observe the water, control the water quality changes, try to keep the water cool and fresh, so that Fish grows robustly in a good water environment.
5, pay attention to do a good job of environmental sanitation, we must promptly remove grass residues in the pool, regular inspections to clean up the food market, so that the entire fish pond to keep clean and hygienic.
6, pay attention to the operation on weekdays, the operation is not careful, the fish body is injured, easy to infect bacteria and get sick. Therefore, when the net is passed over the pond, the operation must be light and skilled and careful, keep the scales intact, and the fish body without injury.
7, to grasp the fish season, timely medication. In the season of fish disease (May to September each year), drug prevention is applied. Spilled with dipteran pesticides throughout the pool. Fish ponds with water depth of 2-3 meters, about 90% crystallized trichlorfon 3 per mu, or 2.5% trichlorfon powder 4-5 pounds, add water and mix thoroughly, the fish pond splashes 7-8 times, and the trichlorfon can be kept after splashing The efficacy is about 20 days. The small side effects have little effect on the fish's food intake. In addition, the use of garlic, leeks, and other turbid blending materials to prevent soil, can also receive good results. In the formulation of granular foods, oxytetracycline, etc., are both used as baits and baits, which serve two purposes.
(b) Prevention and treatment of common fish diseases. There are three main types of fish diseases: bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Diseases such as enteritis, gill rot, and myxosporidium are harmful.
Common fish disease control methods
1. White-billed white-mouth disease: slow movement, darker body color, white hair on the top of the head and around the mouth. Diseased fish in the pool can easily be identified.
Control methods: 1 Gallus 2PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 2 grams gallnut) Jianzhi Quanchi sprinkle; 2 bleach 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 1 gram of bleaching powder) Quantan sprinkled and used for 2 days; 3. Limestone 15-20 kg / Mu, sprinkled throughout the pool.
2. Disease of white bark: Initially, the skin of the dorsal fin base or caudal peduncle turns white and rapidly expands, causing the surface of the dorsal fin and the anal fin to appear completely white to the caudal fin. Soon the head is facing downward and the caudal fin is facing upward. The water surface was vertical and soon died.
Control methods: 1 thorough clear pond, disinfection, disinfection before release; 21PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 gram of bleach) bleaching Quanchiposa.
3, red skin disease conditions: lesions are generally on both sides of the fish and the abdomen, often appear inflammation, bleeding, scales off, fin base congestion, not end rotting.
Control methods: 1 bleaching powder 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 g bleaching powder) Quanchiposa; 2 gall 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams gallic) Jianchi Quanchiposa.
4, acne sickness: diseased fish skin and muscle inflammation, abscess, hand touch feeling edema, abscess filled with pus, fins at the base of hyperemia, fins cracking, severe intestinal congestion.
Control methods: 1 bleaching powder 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 g bleaching powder) Quanchiposa; 2 gall 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams gallic) Jianchi Quanchiposa.
5, print sickness: lesions on both sides of the fish, the early stages of the disease often have a round or oval, and bleeding lesions, as if imprinted, with the lesion gradually expanded, while developing to the depths, when serious Muscular lesions tend to rot and visible bones.
Control methods: 1 thorough clear pond, often adding new water in summer; 2 bleaching powder 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 1 gram of bleaching powder) Quanchiposa; 3 gall 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams gall) all over the pool; 4 Furazolidone 2PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 2 grams of furazolidone) Quanchiposa.
6, watery mildew disease: lesions grow a lot of cotton-like hyphae, like a group of white hair.
Control methods: 1 thorough clear pond; 2 3.5 liters of catharanthus juice plus 1 pound of salt; Quanchiposa; 30,000 liters of salt and 4/10 times of baking soda to dip sick fish.
7, small melon worm disease conditions: serious infection, the skin appears white spots, it is called white spot disease.
Control methods: 1 lime sulfur 4PPM (1 cubic meter of water 4 grams of lime sulfur) and 0.2PPM (1 cubic meter of water 0.2 grams of 90% crystal trichlorfon) 90% crystal trichlorfon Quanchiposa; 2 alkaline green 0.2PPM (1 cubic meter of water 0.2 grams of alkaline green) Quanchiposa.
8, fish head disease symptoms: Parasites in the body and other parts of the chain, the naked eye is easy to see, because the anchor head with its head and a portion of the chest into the fish muscle tissue or scales, exposed outside the slender The body, when the fish is seriously infected, seems to be dressed in a drape, so it is known as cocoon disease.
Control methods: 10.5PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 0.5 grams of 90% crystal trichlorfon) 90% of the crystal trichlorfon Quanchiposa, spilled again every other week; 215PPM (1 cubic meter of water 15 grams of permanganate Potassium) potassium permanganate dip sick fish.
9, gill disease conditions: sick fish rot rot, severe when the end of silk only leave bone, and often with sludge, rely on lesions inside the epidermis of the lid cover, often eroded into a round or irregular Transparent hole.
Prevention methods: 1 disease season, hanging with bleaching powder; 21PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 1 gram of bleach) bleaching Quanchiposa; 3 furazolidone 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams of furazolidone) Quanchiposa.
10, enteropathies pathological conditions: anal swelling, severe illness often shows fins at the base of congestion, abdomen red spots, split open complex cavity, often with ascites outflow, inflamed intestinal congestion, severe whole bowel was red or purple.
Prevention methods: 1 effectively achieve "four elimination", "four set"; 21PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 g bleach) bleaching Quanchiposa; 3 garlic head plus feed, 100 kg of fish and garlic 500 grams even feed 3- 6 days.
11. Disease of the air bubble disease: There are air bubbles in the intestinal tract of the diseased fish, or more bubbles are attached to the body surface, fins, and strands of the fish. If the fish floats on the water surface, if no first aid is received, it will cause death.
Control methods: 1 Do not apply no fermentation fertilizer, do not make the pond too much humus; 2 fry during transport, do not carry out a sharp gas; 3 found sick fish, timely injection of new water, lighter fish can be in the water Medium exhaust gas.
12. Flood prevention and treatment
(1) Inspect in time, whenever there is a sign of floating head in the pond, a large amount of fresh water should be injected immediately; 2) For the fish pond where flood ponds may occur, precipitants such as salt, alum, gypsum, etc. can be used to rapidly precipitate the dirt and reduce fish The degree of floating head; 3 New water should be injected immediately when the floating head has occurred, and the pool fish should be returned to normal and enter the water layer; 4 The fish body with upward abdomen can be concentrated in front of the inlet, and part of it can be recovered. 5 If the pond has been flooded, the fish have died. In addition to immediately fishing for surface water, they should also pull the net at any time and remove the dead fish after the death. This can minimize losses.
First, pond fish how to achieve stable production and high yield
1, fish pond. The quality of the fish pond itself is a key to stable production and high yield of pond fish. High-yielding fish ponds require water depth, water width, and water liveness. The water depth is generally 2-3 meters, because deep water can make full use of three-dimensional waters, facilitate stratified fish farming, implement multiple varieties, multi-species polyculture. The width of the water is appropriate to about 10 meters. The surface of the water is blown by the wind, which can automatically increase oxygen and improve the water quality. At the same time, it is also convenient for feeding and management and fishing. Water livelihood requires that the pool water can be filled with energy to meet the standards of “fat, cool, and liveâ€, and solve the contradiction that due to the increase of stocking densities, a large amount of feeding, the pool water can easily cause oxygen deficiency.
2, fish species. The large-scale and multi-species fine fish species are the material basis for stable production and high yield of pond fish farming. Nowadays, high-yielding fish ponds are generally required to have a complete variety (up to seven or eight varieties) with reasonable specifications. In terms of stocking techniques, the main grass carp has been raised and reared with grasshoppers, cockroaches, and oysters to drive the culture methods of the chain and squid to change to eat fish (grass, blue, oysters, clams, etc.) and fertilizers (fish, quail, quail, etc.) ) and replant, pay attention to consolidate and improve the eating of fish, focusing on new potential for the development of fertilizer and fish breeding technology. The specifications for stocking fish species are to be “three generations of Tong Tongâ€, also known as “pago pagoda†stocking, which means that large, medium, and small fish of different ages of the same species are mixed in one pond at the same time, focusing on catching fish of the second age. Species (even with third-instar fish species), such as flower peony, which has a half-kilogram or more and two-three-two-two-year-old fish species, are reared one or two years old; The winter stock and summer fish stocks combined stocking methods. In this way, it is ensured that a certain number of large fish can be captured and listed in the same year, and that about 50% of large fish species can be provided for the stocking of the following year. According to the experience of high-yield production in the field, the yield requirements are raised, and the weight and mantissa of the stocked fish species must also be increased accordingly. The general criteria are: 500 mu (mu) of production per mu, 600 fish stocks, 150 kg of fish, and 1,000 kg of mu. , The stocking species is 900-1200 tails, the weight is 200-220 kg; the stocking species of 1500 jin per mu is 1500-2000 tails, the weight is 300-400 kg; (the summer fish species of carp and rotation are both Not counted.) The squid presented here has a wide range of feeding habits, strong disease resistance, and adaptability to the characteristics of fertilizer and water. In the adult fish pond, with 1,000 breeding fish per acre or 400 species of wintering fish, the yield can be increased by about 100 pounds per acre. This is a high-yielding fish. A fish species worth ponding.
3, bait. Fish production is high and food is a guarantee. "If you don't feed it, it's equal to raising it." Therefore, after the fish is under the pond, first of all, it is necessary to select the food according to the different diet of various fish so that it can be eaten well. For example, green and squid eat snails and other shellfish, grass, grasshoppers like to eat water grass grass plants, flower white worms rely on fertilization to cultivate plankton, oysters, oysters are other fish residual baits and bottom humus as food; but Almost all fish eat all kinds of oil cakes, rice bran, wheat bran, water and other fine materials. Feeding methods, high-yielding fish ponds are generally dominated by crude (natural baits), combined crude and coarse, land and water (water, land grass), alfalfa (shellfish, grass), bait fat and three simultaneously. Under normal circumstances, a variety of fish for each kilogram of long meat, to a variety of concentrate feed 3-6 kg, green, squid to eat 45 pounds of shellfish, grass, carp eat 80 pounds of grass (half land grass). Fertilizer fish fertilizer, in addition to a net increase of one pound of excreted feces can eat about 0.65 kilograms of fertilizer fish, each producing about a pound of fertilizer water 200-300 pounds. Therefore, high-yielding fish ponds must be based on the source of local bait fertilizers, set production targets, and try to meet the needs, but currently there is a general shortage of bait fertilizer supply, the solution is: go all out to compost fat, ponds in the big three homes (hoghouses, cattle houses, poultry houses), two workshops (bean curd workshop, flour workshop), widely source of bait fertilizer, cultivate live bait, grow high-yield bait, actively develop mixed grain bait and feed processing, apply zinc and manganese in fertilization Iron and other trace elements increase the utilization of bait fertilizers.
4, management. The fishermen have such deep understanding in practice that “there is no income, no income, no income, no income and no income.†It shows that strengthening pond management is very important for winning stable production and high yield. The specific work in feeding and management requires: rational feeding and fertilization, and timely injection of water and oxygen in accordance with changes in water quality and floating conditions of the fish. Improve the wheel catcher rotation technology, improve the summer raising index, do a good job of prevention and treatment of fish diseases, implement the principle of “prevention first, prevention and emphasis on governanceâ€, do a good job in the original records of fish ponds, explore laws, sum up experiences, and increase scientific fish farming to A new level.
Second, how to increase the yield of fish farming in rural ponds
1, cleaning and disinfection of fish ponds. Before the fish is released, fish ponds must be drained for thorough cleaning. Excessive silt should be removed, ponds must be trimmed, weeds should be removed, and fish and fish facilities must be set at the entrances and exits. And use clear lime ponds, that is, 1 meter deep, with 250-300 pounds of lime per acre of water. After the quick lime is broken up, it is turned into a slurry, and the hot water is splashed into the pond. If necessary, some basic fertilizer can be applied and new water can be injected. Half a month later, fingerlings were released.
2, launch large-size fish species. The excellent and large-sized fingerlings can not only obtain a high survival rate, but also have strong vitality and a fast growing speed. Therefore, it is necessary to stock large-sized fingerlings, which is a powerful measure to early reach the specifications of food fish and increase output. In addition to the specifications, good fish species should also pay attention to their external appearance and activities. All healthy fish species have abundant back muscles, fat tails, scales intact, no wounds, no congestion on the body surface, bright color, close to the lid, and frequent beating.
3, fingerling disinfection. For the fish species purchased, disinfection should be performed before stocking to reduce the occurrence of fish diseases. Generally, 8-10PPM bleach solution (ie, 8-10 g bleaching powder for 1 cubic meter of water) can be used. When the water temperature is 10-15°C, dip 5 -10 minutes, or use a 3-5% salt solution to dip for 5 minutes. Generally, 100 kg of salt solution can be used to dip 500 large-size fish species more than 3 inches. Salt has killing effect on myxomycetes, water fungus and trichoderma, etc. The fingerlings must be carried out in winter. At this time, the fish scales are close to the fish and it is not easy to damage the fish.
4, feeding and fertilization. If you raise fish with yellow and white maggots, you should fertilize properly to keep the water green, green, and green. This shows that the concentration of fertilizer is moderate, the water is rich in nutrients, and the tea is brown and refreshing. Water with oil film is also very good, tea brown humus is high, oil is clear, brownish water is rich in nutrients. These water colors are suitable for the growth of plankton needed for fish. On the contrary, the water quality of blue-green, gray-yellow, dark-brown and turbid water is bad, and new water must be replaced. Blue-green is the result of large-scale reproduction of cyanobacteria, which is detrimental to fish. Less fertilizer, more grass, as well as bait, bran, and other food. Feeding should follow the principle of four principles: quality, quantity, timing, and positioning.
Qualitative: fish can smell, sweet, bitter, salty, sour and other tastes, so the basic requirements for all kinds of bait should be fresh, tender, live, and suitable (pace).
Quantitative: As the saying goes, "The fish do not eat for one day, and do not grow for three days." This depends on the size of the fish, the density of the fish, and the controlled feeding of different seasons. The daily feeding amount can be determined by the proportion of the monthly feeding and the estimated amount of the feeding pond, and the amount of daily feeding should be determined. The amount of concentrate feed is: the daily water temperature at 15°C-20°C is 0.8%-1.6% of the total weight of the fish. The water temperature should be between 1.6% and 3.5% of the total weight of fish eaten at 20°C-28°C. When the water temperature is below 15°C or higher than 28°C, the feed should be reduced, because this temperature is not the highest Appropriate growth temperature, the amount of crude feed to eat is not left to prevail.
Timing: During the summer and high seasons, it is advisable to feed it every morning. Before the evening, check the patrol ponds and collect the residue. If the fish are fed in the morning and eat well at noon, the weather is normal and they can be fed at noon. Concentrate and coarse material can be fed alternately. The hot summer evening should not be fed, as the fish eats overnight and can easily float and get sick. "White Dew" can be fed day and night. In early spring and late autumn, the water temperature is low, and the ability of the fish to find food is poor. It can be fed at noon when the sun is warm.
Positioning: Feeding the fine and thick food, there must be a fixed food table in order to make the fish form a good eating habit, so as not to cause food waste. If the pool is large and the fish is large, more food tables may be set up.
There are two ways to fertilize, that is, base fertilizer and top dressing.
Basal fertilizer: According to the type of fish pond bottoms and fertilizers, generally about 10 metric tons per mu of organic fertilizers such as pig manure and sheep manure after fermentation are decomposed before the fish species are stocked.
Top dressing: The principle of top dressing: “apply less, apply sparingly, look at water and fertilize†to maintain a certain amount of water. Generally 4-6 months per acre in April-June, can not be applied in July-September (non-feeding ponds should be applied), after September 3-4 can be applied per acre, all organic fertilizers have to go through It can only be applied after fermentation.
5, daily feeding and management. All technical measures for fish farming must be implemented through the daily management of the pond. Therefore, there is a saying of "three points of raising and seven points of charge." In the daily production practice, its management can be summarized as "three mornings, four visits, five defenses, six diligence."
Three mornings: Early Qingtang, after 11-12 months of annual dry ponds, it is necessary to start clearing and provide conditions for early stocking in the coming year.
Early stocking, fresh water is immediately injected and fish species are stocked as soon as the pond clearing is completed.
After eating early in the morning, when the fish are stocked, they will feed on sunny days.
Four look: look at the fish, see the water color, see the weather, see the season, according to the four look can be flexible and flexible to adjust the amount, type, feeding method of daily feeding fertilizer.
Look at the fish: if the fish eats normally, they can normally eat within six to seven hours after feeding, and can increase the amount of feeding appropriately. If they cannot eat after feeding, they indicate that the appetite of the fish is not prosperous, and should be reduced or stopped after prompt analysis of the reasons. Feeding.
Look at the water color: The fertilizer water can be fed normally. If the water color is light, the amount of feeding should be increased, the water color is too thick, and the amount of feeding should be appropriately reduced.
Look at the weather: When the weather is clear, you should feed more, and less rainy days. Before the shower was hot and windless, the feeding was stopped and the fog weather was lowered. It was required to be fed after the fog was scattered.
Look at the seasons: pay attention to the growing season of different fishes, catch the seasons, and focus on feeding. May-September is the growing season of grass carp and head carp. July-October is the growing season for green and squid, and May-September is also water grass and dry grass. When a variety of green fodder grows in large numbers, it is necessary to concentrate on harvesting and feeding grass carp and head carp. After entering the autumn, the green stems are coarse and old, and the quality is low, the quantity is small, the water quality tends to be fat, and the grass carp grows slowly. Therefore, during the summer and autumn, the large grass carp that meets the specifications of the commodity was arrested for listing. After July, especially after the dew exposure, the herring went into a sensational season. When the snails arrive in the season, they should concentrate on fishing for more shellfish, feed more cakes or pellets, feed the herring, and take the carp well.
Five defenses: anti-fish diseases, anti-floating heads, flood prevention, damage prevention, and waterproof pollution.
Anti-fish diseases: See Common Fish Disease Prevention Methods P9.
Anti-floating head: floating head is a common phenomenon in fish production, mainly in the case of larger stocking density and water quality, and it is not a fish floating head in the fish pond to be rescued. The degree of floating head can be from below Several situations to determine:
(1) The weight of the floating head begins in the evening or in the middle of the night; the light begins before and after the dawn;
(2) The floating head is limited to the middle of the pond and develops to the side of the pond;
(3) A slight shock began to sink, a pause stopped and the light went up again, and after being frightened, it did not sink;
(4) Only the head of the head or head of the squid float head is a general frivolous head; pelicans, pelicans and grass carp are floating heads when they are floating heads; if squid and squid float heads, the crickets, crickets, crickets and crickets may begin to die; Catfish and tilapia all float, and there are not many other fish left.
Liu Qin: Diligent ponds, keep abreast of the dynamics of fish, water quality changes, especially in the summer weather is changeable, but also need to work night ponds.
Diligently inspect, check the food market every day, grasp the feeding effect, and determine the number of feeds and the type of bait based on different colors of water.
Diligently do cleaning and sanitation work, and timely remove the waste residue from the pool, get dead fish and other contaminants to keep the pool water fresh.
Ground maintenance, maintenance and management of various fishing equipment.
Diligently record and carefully make various raw data records of the fish pond for easy comparison and comparison.
Diligently study the situation, according to local conditions such as stocking, water color, eating, wheel catching, disease prevention, etc., analyze the growing situation and study growth measures.
Third, fish disease prevention
Fish disease exists in the whole breeding process, especially in ponds with high breeding density and water quality. The water environment is more complicated and fish are often attacked by viruses, bacteria and parasites. The cause of the disease is also varied. For example, the fish is not physically strong, the disease resistance is weak, the stocking density is not properly matched with the species, the nets are dragged to the pond to infect the fish after the injury, and the deteriorated feed is fed to the unfermented feed. Fertilizers, ponds that have not been sterilized or not thoroughly sterilized can cause fish diseases.
The fish is sick and has certain difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. It is also difficult to separate the diseased fish, so the efficacy is often not satisfactory. And the treatment after fish disease can only save the fish that has not been attacked or lightened from death. Some serious diseased fish can be cured by non-drugs. Therefore, the treatment of fish diseases is necessary, and more should be based on prevention. Only by seizing control and trying to eliminate fish diseases before harm can we seize the initiative, and we must conscientiously implement "prevention as the main and prevention as the emphasis." The policy is to strengthen feeding and management, strive to explore and master the rules of the occurrence of various fish diseases, and actively take preventive measures to enable fish to grow robustly.
(a) Methods to prevent fish diseases. The key to preventing fish diseases lies in enhancing the disease resistance of fish and making it as easy as possible for pathogenic parasites to invade fish.
1. Do a good job of disinfection in winter clear ponds. Disinfect the clear ponds every winter, dig away a layer of silt, let the sun on the bottom of the ponds and freeze, kill pathogens and parasites, and disinfect with limed dry pools.
2. Breeding of fish species, prevention of disease prevention, cultivation of large-sized fish species with robust physique, disinfection of fish soaked in fish species before stocking, killing of bacteria and parasites on fish, and then putting them into ponds.
3, grasp the quality of food, feed natural food, must be fresh, tender, live, appropriate (pace). Some concentrates are fed after rough processing to facilitate digestion and absorption of fish food. Feeding must follow the principle of four determinations (quality, quantity, timing, and positioning).
4, improve water quality, reduce fish diseases, water quality conditions directly affect the growth of fish and disease, therefore, in the breeding process, we must carefully observe the water, control the water quality changes, try to keep the water cool and fresh, so that Fish grows robustly in a good water environment.
5, pay attention to do a good job of environmental sanitation, we must promptly remove grass residues in the pool, regular inspections to clean up the food market, so that the entire fish pond to keep clean and hygienic.
6, pay attention to the operation on weekdays, the operation is not careful, the fish body is injured, easy to infect bacteria and get sick. Therefore, when the net is passed over the pond, the operation must be light and skilled and careful, keep the scales intact, and the fish body without injury.
7, to grasp the fish season, timely medication. In the season of fish disease (May to September each year), drug prevention is applied. Spilled with dipteran pesticides throughout the pool. Fish ponds with water depth of 2-3 meters, about 90% crystallized trichlorfon 3 per mu, or 2.5% trichlorfon powder 4-5 pounds, add water and mix thoroughly, the fish pond splashes 7-8 times, and the trichlorfon can be kept after splashing The efficacy is about 20 days. The small side effects have little effect on the fish's food intake. In addition, the use of garlic, leeks, and other turbid blending materials to prevent soil, can also receive good results. In the formulation of granular foods, oxytetracycline, etc., are both used as baits and baits, which serve two purposes.
(b) Prevention and treatment of common fish diseases. There are three main types of fish diseases: bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Diseases such as enteritis, gill rot, and myxosporidium are harmful.
Common fish disease control methods
1. White-billed white-mouth disease: slow movement, darker body color, white hair on the top of the head and around the mouth. Diseased fish in the pool can easily be identified.
Control methods: 1 Gallus 2PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 2 grams gallnut) Jianzhi Quanchi sprinkle; 2 bleach 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 1 gram of bleaching powder) Quantan sprinkled and used for 2 days; 3. Limestone 15-20 kg / Mu, sprinkled throughout the pool.
2. Disease of white bark: Initially, the skin of the dorsal fin base or caudal peduncle turns white and rapidly expands, causing the surface of the dorsal fin and the anal fin to appear completely white to the caudal fin. Soon the head is facing downward and the caudal fin is facing upward. The water surface was vertical and soon died.
Control methods: 1 thorough clear pond, disinfection, disinfection before release; 21PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 gram of bleach) bleaching Quanchiposa.
3, red skin disease conditions: lesions are generally on both sides of the fish and the abdomen, often appear inflammation, bleeding, scales off, fin base congestion, not end rotting.
Control methods: 1 bleaching powder 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 g bleaching powder) Quanchiposa; 2 gall 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams gallic) Jianchi Quanchiposa.
4, acne sickness: diseased fish skin and muscle inflammation, abscess, hand touch feeling edema, abscess filled with pus, fins at the base of hyperemia, fins cracking, severe intestinal congestion.
Control methods: 1 bleaching powder 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 g bleaching powder) Quanchiposa; 2 gall 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams gallic) Jianchi Quanchiposa.
5, print sickness: lesions on both sides of the fish, the early stages of the disease often have a round or oval, and bleeding lesions, as if imprinted, with the lesion gradually expanded, while developing to the depths, when serious Muscular lesions tend to rot and visible bones.
Control methods: 1 thorough clear pond, often adding new water in summer; 2 bleaching powder 1PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 1 gram of bleaching powder) Quanchiposa; 3 gall 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams gall) all over the pool; 4 Furazolidone 2PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 2 grams of furazolidone) Quanchiposa.
6, watery mildew disease: lesions grow a lot of cotton-like hyphae, like a group of white hair.
Control methods: 1 thorough clear pond; 2 3.5 liters of catharanthus juice plus 1 pound of salt; Quanchiposa; 30,000 liters of salt and 4/10 times of baking soda to dip sick fish.
7, small melon worm disease conditions: serious infection, the skin appears white spots, it is called white spot disease.
Control methods: 1 lime sulfur 4PPM (1 cubic meter of water 4 grams of lime sulfur) and 0.2PPM (1 cubic meter of water 0.2 grams of 90% crystal trichlorfon) 90% crystal trichlorfon Quanchiposa; 2 alkaline green 0.2PPM (1 cubic meter of water 0.2 grams of alkaline green) Quanchiposa.
8, fish head disease symptoms: Parasites in the body and other parts of the chain, the naked eye is easy to see, because the anchor head with its head and a portion of the chest into the fish muscle tissue or scales, exposed outside the slender The body, when the fish is seriously infected, seems to be dressed in a drape, so it is known as cocoon disease.
Control methods: 10.5PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 0.5 grams of 90% crystal trichlorfon) 90% of the crystal trichlorfon Quanchiposa, spilled again every other week; 215PPM (1 cubic meter of water 15 grams of permanganate Potassium) potassium permanganate dip sick fish.
9, gill disease conditions: sick fish rot rot, severe when the end of silk only leave bone, and often with sludge, rely on lesions inside the epidermis of the lid cover, often eroded into a round or irregular Transparent hole.
Prevention methods: 1 disease season, hanging with bleaching powder; 21PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 1 gram of bleach) bleaching Quanchiposa; 3 furazolidone 3PPM (1 cubic meter of water, 3 grams of furazolidone) Quanchiposa.
10, enteropathies pathological conditions: anal swelling, severe illness often shows fins at the base of congestion, abdomen red spots, split open complex cavity, often with ascites outflow, inflamed intestinal congestion, severe whole bowel was red or purple.
Prevention methods: 1 effectively achieve "four elimination", "four set"; 21PPM (1 cubic meter of water 1 g bleach) bleaching Quanchiposa; 3 garlic head plus feed, 100 kg of fish and garlic 500 grams even feed 3- 6 days.
11. Disease of the air bubble disease: There are air bubbles in the intestinal tract of the diseased fish, or more bubbles are attached to the body surface, fins, and strands of the fish. If the fish floats on the water surface, if no first aid is received, it will cause death.
Control methods: 1 Do not apply no fermentation fertilizer, do not make the pond too much humus; 2 fry during transport, do not carry out a sharp gas; 3 found sick fish, timely injection of new water, lighter fish can be in the water Medium exhaust gas.
12. Flood prevention and treatment
(1) Inspect in time, whenever there is a sign of floating head in the pond, a large amount of fresh water should be injected immediately; 2) For the fish pond where flood ponds may occur, precipitants such as salt, alum, gypsum, etc. can be used to rapidly precipitate the dirt and reduce fish The degree of floating head; 3 New water should be injected immediately when the floating head has occurred, and the pool fish should be returned to normal and enter the water layer; 4 The fish body with upward abdomen can be concentrated in front of the inlet, and part of it can be recovered. 5 If the pond has been flooded, the fish have died. In addition to immediately fishing for surface water, they should also pull the net at any time and remove the dead fish after the death. This can minimize losses.
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