Any kind of technology, feed additive or management measures can cost-effectively promote piglet growth just like antibiotics. Evidence from the production system shows that in the absence of antibiotics, some combination of methods is needed to replace the antibiotics to promote growth of piglets. The following describes the twelve measures commonly used in the antibiotic-free breeding piglet program.

1. Improve the health status of the herd. Antibiotic growth promoters are most effective in low-health herds (eg herds with continuous-flow nurseries). By improving biosecurity measures, implementing full-in and full-out systems, strictly implementing cleaning and disinfection procedures, and stabilizing the health of sow herds, the health status of herds can often be improved, thereby reducing the need for antibiotic preparations.

2. Weaning at the appropriate weaning age. At present, most pig producers are weaned at 24 to 28 days of age. Some countries in North America implement ultra-early (14-18 days or 10-days) weaning. Although this has some advantages, it has higher technical requirements. Moreover, research and experience have shown that larger weaning days help feed without antibiotics. The greater the age of weaning piglets, the better the resistance to weaning stress; in addition, because of the longer time it took to feed the chute, feed intake increased; the development of the immune system was also more complete.

3, improve nutrient digestibility. The undigested nutrients in the distal ileum of the digestive tract will serve as a substrate for bacterial growth and proliferation in the large intestine. A large number of microorganisms not only consume nutrients, but also hide potential pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella and Bacillus. In addition, environmental pollution is caused because unabsorbed nutrients are eventually excreted from the feces.

4, to ensure a certain amount of feed intake. The amount of feed eaten plays a key role in maintaining post-weaning intestinal health. Even after a short period of lack of feed, the intestinal lining (epithelium) becomes more permeable to those antigenic proteins such as those present in soy flour and is more susceptible to bacterial attachment. Whether it is due to an allergic reaction to antigenic proteins or due to the enterotoxin produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, diarrhea occurs frequently.

5. Reduce the protein in the diet. Proteins are required for bacterial growth and proliferation. Lowering the protein in the diet and increasing its digestibility can greatly reduce the chance of bacterial proliferation. At the same time, it is also important to provide a reasonably balanced amino acid composition based on crystalline amino acids in order to ensure maximum lean deposition. Proline and isoleucine become limiting amino acids in low protein diets.

6, add organic acids. Most pathogenic bacteria are acid-free, which means that adding organic acids to the diet to acidify the gastrointestinal tract can actually stop the growth of microorganisms. Organic acids that reach the small intestine in an undissociated form can be absorbed by bacteria and kill the bacteria. The organic acid mixture is more effective than a single acid.

7. Add herbal extracts. Some herbal extracts have antibacterial and antiviral properties, and the antibacterial and digestive properties of vanilla are well known. Cinnamon oil, beef tallow and clove oil are some of the most commonly used extracts in commercial formulations. Research is currently being conducted to determine extracts and concentrations suitable for piglets. It has been proven that Chinese herbal extracts are more effective with organic acid mixtures than Chinese herbal extracts alone.

8, add enzyme preparations. Certain enzymes that can detoxify dietary anti-nutritional factors (such as non-starch polysaccharide enzymes) have beneficial effects in the absence of antibiotic regimens. Their mechanism of action is that they can reduce the availability of substrate (non-digested feed) supply microorganisms. Therefore, enzyme preparations are more effective in diets composed of barley, wheat and rye, but not corn. Soybean meal diets also benefit from the addition of enzyme preparations, especially in the later stages of nursery.

9. Add microorganisms (prebiotics). Providing live beneficial bacteria through feed is also an alternative strategy in antibiotic-free programs. Most commercial probiotic preparations contain one or more lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Pressing pellets will reduce the effectiveness of these products, so spore-forming formulations will be better. The strains selected must be acid-resistant so that they can be used in conjunction with dietary acidification protocols.

10, add eubiotics (also known as prebiotics). Prebiotics are non-digestible, fermentable sugars that promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as lactobacilli. Mannan oligosaccharides, transgalacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides are some of the most common eubiotics. In the selection of eubiotics, product quality is extremely important because the research results are variable. In addition, some products can increase the viscosity of chyme and promote the proliferation of E. coli, resulting in diarrhea.

11, adding immune stimulants. It has been shown that special spray-dried egg powder made from eggs produced by high-strength hens that are resistant to certain E. coli strains can effectively prevent diarrhea caused by certain causes. If used in conjunction with other strategies, the effect will be better. . Pigs suffering from intestinal edema benefited most from this nutritional regulation.

12. Add plasma and certain mineral elements. Because animal plasma increases feed intake after weaning, it has a beneficial effect in antibiotic-free programs. The use of drug doses of zinc oxide and copper sulfate can overcome or reduce diarrhea symptoms and promote growth. Selenium and chromium also have the same effect.

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