Wheat high-yield planting and cultivation techniques, in order to guide farmers to scientifically farm, achieve high yield, high quality and high yield of wheat, according to the law of crop production, combined with agricultural time, summed up the technical experience of work, theory and practice, the wheat cultivation technology is summarized as follows: It is promoted and applied in agricultural production.
Wheat planting precautions
First, we must ensure the quality of the land preparation. It is necessary to do a good job on the basis of the arable land in the wheat field, and ensure that the wheat planting has a good lyric. Back to Putian, we must hurry up to collect the autumn vines. After the autumn crops are harvested, we must carry out weeding and weeding as soon as possible. If conditions are necessary, we should deepen it. If time is tight, we can use rotary tillage to prepare good conditions for wheat emergence.
For the wheat field in which the former glutinous rice is corn, the straw stalking machine should be used to crush the corn stalks and return to the field. The stalks are smashed by the machinery, and the stalks are smashed, and the ploughing is about 25 cm to ensure that the stalks are buried and leveled. Really, do not leave the dark and pull.
Second, scientific application of base fertilizer. High-yield fields and strong gluten wheat fields should be increased in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micro-increased; medium and low-yield fields and medium-fat wheat fields should be stabilized with nitrogen, stabilized with phosphorus, and targeted for potash and micro-fertilizer.
Generally, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be combined with balanced fertilization according to the target yield and level of soil. The production level is 400-500 kg of wheat field, the agricultural fertilizer is 3000-4000 kg, N11-13 kg, p2O56-8 kg, K2O5-6 kg; the yield level is 300-400 kg of wheat field, and the farm application is 2000-mu. 3000 kg, N9-10 kg, phosphate fertilizer is applied according to the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus 1:0.6-0.8, and potassium fertilizer is applied according to the soil available potassium content;
Low-yield irrigated land and thin dry land will be used for more than 3,000 kg of farmyard manure, N6-9 kg, and phosphate fertilizer should be applied at a ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of 1:1-1.2. In addition, the autumn crop straw returning field should be indigo green and early pressure to return to the field, N2-4 kg should be applied per mu when turning over to coordinate the carbon to nitrogen ratio and promote straw decomposing. Dry land mulching covers wheat fields, and the amount of fertilization should be increased correspondingly with the improvement of soil environmental conditions.
70% of the nitrogen fertilizer was used for one-time application before planting, and 30% nitrogen fertilizer was used for later application. In order to ensure the quality and yield of high-quality wheat, we advocate the use of nitrogen fertilizer back-shifting technology in high-quality wheat-high water-fertilizer wheat fields. That is: the conventional 70% nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 50%, the proportion of top dressing is increased from the conventional 30% to 50%, and the spring topdressing time is later moved to the jointing stage.
Third, we must eliminate blind use. Choosing an excellent variety according to local conditions is a prerequisite for high yields of wheat. In recent years, the extreme weather of wheat growth period is frequent, and it is necessary to strictly follow the variety selection of varieties, and do not blindly introduce seeds. In the production of seeds, the selection rate is required to reach 100%, and the city's unified supply rate is 80%, and the coating rate is 30%.
Fourth, we must do so in the right time. In recent years, the prevalence of sowing in the wheat producing areas is prevalent, especially in dryland wheat fields. Due to the warming of the climate, the accumulated temperature in winter increased, the wintering period of wheat was postponed, and the sensation was good, which caused the wheat to grow and threaten the wintering of wheat. According to the results of the multi-year sowing date test, the best sowing date of wheat is from September 23 to October 10. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the lessons of the past few years, strictly and timely planting, and try to avoid blind early broadcast, resulting in prosperous.
Five must be fine, semi-fine seeding. Appropriate sowing is the basis and key to the formation of reasonable groups of wheat and coordinated production. However, in recent years, the amount of wheat in some areas is too large, coupled with the high temperature in autumn and winter, and the high tillering of wheat, causing the wheat to grow long before winter. The consumption of soil moisture and fertility has made it difficult for wheat to return to green, and the spring seedlings have weakened from prosperity, resulting in a significant reduction in production.
According to the results of multi-year broadcast test, the wheat field that is usually planted in a suitable period is semi-precision sowing, the acreage is 6-8 kg, the basic seedling is 6-160,000/mu; the high water and fertilizer land is finely planted, and the acreage is 4-5 kg. For some high-quality special wheat, the amount of sowing should be determined according to the characteristics of the variety. For late-sown wheat fields, the amount of sowing per day is generally increased by 0.25-0.5 kg. After emergence, check seedlings and replant seeds in time to eliminate the phenomenon of lack of seedlings and ridges, and lay a solid foundation for the high yield of wheat.
Sixth, we must do a good job before seeding. Years of practice have proved that good seeding and seed dressing in wheat can effectively control or alleviate the occurrence and damage of pests such as underground pests, wheat stubble, total erosion and powdery mildew. Wheat seeds should be coated with seeds or used for seed dressing. When seed dressing, it is necessary to consider both pest control and disease prevention. It is necessary to mix insecticides and mix fungicides.
However, it should be noted that the insecticide must be mixed first, and the fungicide should be mixed before the sowing. Specific mixing method: (1) with 75% of 3911 (methylene phosphate) emulsifiable concentrate 150ml with water 5kg, mixed with 50 kg of wheat, fully mixed and piled for 12 hours after sowing;
Or use 100% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 100 ml, water 2-3 kg, mix 50 kg of wheat, mix well and simmer for 2-3 hours. It can control underground pests and rodents, and has good control effect on wheat bran and red spider, and can prevent the prevalence of yellow dwarf disease and bush dwarf disease. (2) Mixing 20 kg of wheat with 25% of water and 2 ml of 2.10 °C; or 20% of powdered rusting emulsifiable concentrate according to the seed amount of 0.2-0.3%, can prevent wheat powdery mildew, leaf rust, stripe rust and the like.
1Select good varieties
The selection of good quality, high productivity per plant, strong resistance to stress, high economic coefficient, and no premature aging is conducive to achieving the production target of more than jin.
2 fine soil preparation, balanced fertilization
2.1 Fine land preparation
In order to improve soil structure, enhance soil water storage and preservation capacity, intensive tillage before sowing, tilling 23~25 cm, and returning orange stalks to the field, not only enhance soil fertility, but also break the bottom layer of the plow to achieve deep, fine and transparent The standard of flat, real and foot (water) is that the tillage layer should be deep (20~25cm in dry land and 15~20cm in rice paddy). After tilling, it is fine (broken), thoroughly penetrated, leveled, and practical. Panasonic, water storage and protection.
2.2 Doing the ditch
The construction of the field, the establishment of irrigation facilities, irrigation and drainage facilities, digging the "three ditch" (墒沟, waist ditch, ground ditch), after the spring, dredge the "three ditch" in time to make the ditch and canal meet to meet irrigation and drainage Claim.
2.3 Balanced fertilization
According to the comprehensive fertility status of the soil, the fertilization program is formulated. The organic fertilizer is mainly used, and the organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer are combined to improve the organic matter content in the soil, so as to achieve the purpose of balanced fertilization.
At the same time of arable land, apply sufficient base fertilizer, apply organic fertilizer 30~45 t/ha, pure N 225.0kg/ha, P2O5 90.0~112.5 kg/ha, K20 75.0~112.5 kg/ha, to reduce fertilizer caused by winter snow and spring rain. Loss loss, avoiding pre-fertilization and premature senescence in wheat, and transferring about 50% of nitrogen fertilizer to 2 times after jointing to booting, so that the content of lysine and protein in wheat grain is increased.
3 appropriate amount of sowing
3.1 Seed treatment
Before seeding, it is necessary to carry out seed dressing or directly use coated seeds.
3.2 Suitable sowing
In order to cultivate strong seedlings, a wheat production group with developed roots and a large number of stems is formed, and the heat resources are fully utilized, so that planting should be carried out at an appropriate time, thereby laying a foundation for high yield of wheat. Generally, wheat is most beneficial for emergence when the water holding capacity in the field is 70% to 80%.
Therefore, when the sowing date and soil moisture conflict, it is necessary to do the appropriate sowing, which can be planted for 3 to 5 days in the evening, so that the whole wheat seedlings. Generally, the average temperature in daily average temperature and winter before >=0°C is 16~17, and the seeding is best at 650°C. In the wintering period, 6 leaves and 1 heart seedling can be formed.
3.3 Seeding rate
According to the characteristics of wheat varieties and the sowing date, the sowing amount of wheat was determined. Generally, the semi-winter and weak winter varieties were planted in the middle of October and the end of September respectively, and the seeding amount was 90~105 kg/ha; weak spring and spring varieties were respectively In the middle and late October, late October to early November, sowing is more suitable, the amount of sowing is 120~150 kg/ha, and the sowing amount is appropriately increased with the delay of the sowing date.
For high-yield fields of 7500 kg/ha or more, the basic seedlings can be controlled between 1.8 million and 2.25 million plants/ha, and the seeding at the end of September and early October can be reduced to 1.5 million to 1.8 million plants/ha. For large-ear type varieties with low tillering and low earing, suitable basic seedlings are 1.95 million to 2.7 million plants/ha.
4 Scientific Field Management
4.1 Scientific fertilization and weeding
In order to prevent the phenomenon of lack of seedling and ridges and ensure the safe wintering of wheat, it is necessary to timely irrigate the wheat to form a strong root. In order to improve the weed control effect, chemical weeding can be carried out from mid-January to late February. From mid-February to the end of February, in the middle and late March, the fertilizers were applied 75~120 and 120~150 kg/ha, respectively, to promote wheat greening and jointing, and to increase the tillering rate of wheat. At the beginning of March, the green water should be poured back. The fertile soil, the small population and the high fertility, and the suitable or large wheat fields should be topdressed and watered before the jointing stage or the early jointing stage and the late jointing stage.
4.2 Chemical regulation and lodging prevention
Wheat lodging is divided into two types: root lodging and stem lodging. It is mainly caused by stem lodging. It is mainly due to the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the early stage. The wheat population is too large, the field is closed, the ventilation is not good, and the wheat grows long and the base is long. The internodes are too long, and the wheat in the late windy weather is prone to lodging. Therefore, in wheat production, scientific fertilization should be carried out according to the fertility status of the soil.
4.3 Heading and filling stage
The heading and flowering period of wheat (middle and late April) is used to control wheat aphids, midge, insects, rust, powdery mildew and erythropoiesis, prolong the growth period of wheat, increase yield, and spray insecticides for continuous use. ~2 times. At the same time, the irrigation is carried out 1~2 times, and the first irrigation is carried out in the initial panicle flowering stage to promote the grouting by the flower-preserving and granulating, to achieve the purpose of large grain weight, grain weight and prevention of premature senescence of the root; the second irrigation of wheat yellow water to supplement Moisture, and prepare for the second crop of the second crop.
5 timely harvest
Generally, wheat is basically mature in the middle of June, and 2/3 of the whole wheat field is harvested when the wheat is yellow, and the wheat wax is the best harvest period. But wheat should not be too mature to prevent the seeds from falling off and reducing the harvest. Wheat should be divided into single, single and single storage to avoid mixed varieties and reduce the commercial and economic value of wheat.
Wheat late stage tube grabs five defenses
After wheat heading, the growth of roots, leaves and stems basically stopped. After heading and flowering, the growth center gradually transferred to the grain, which is an important period to determine the weight and quality of the grain. How to raise roots and keep leaves, and extend the late root and leaf function period is the key to improve grain weight and quality. To this end, we must do a good job in drought prevention, flood control, disease prevention, and insects.
1. Anti-drought. Huaibei is located in the north-south transitional zone. During the period from wheat heading to maturity, the climate is changeable. When it is dry and dry, there are often hot and dry winds. During wheat flowering and grouting, water demand is also high. After drought, it is necessary to water it in time. The soil is moist, soaking the roots and protecting the leaves, enhancing the ability to resist dry hot air and ensuring smooth grouting. In the later stage, the wheat plant is tall, so that it can be lightly watered when no wind is used, and it is appropriate to water it 5-7 days before the appearance of dry hot air. When the dry hot air appears, it will be suspended, and the water will be washed tightly after the wind to avoid lodging.
2, anti-water damage. "Spring rain rotten Maigen." In the Jianghuai, Yanjiang and Jiangnan areas, there is more spring rain, which is a limiting factor for the low and unstable wheat production in the region. Carefully clean the drainage ditches and clear the channels, so that the ditch and ditch can speed up the drainage, reduce the groundwater level, enhance the soil permeability, and create a good environmental condition for the healthy growth of wheat.
3. Prevent pests and diseases. There are many kinds of pests and diseases in the late growth stage of wheat. Due to the high temperature in winter and spring, the winter mortality rate of pests and diseases is low. It is predicted that the main crop pests and diseases will be moderately heavy this year, especially the insect pests will occur. Wheat pests and diseases will be dominated by stripe rust, sheath blight, wheat bran, and wheat spiders. Strengthening forecasting and forecasting, preparing medicines, and taking effective prevention measures early can minimize the loss of pests and diseases.
4, anti-fertilization. After wheat heading, the root system enters the senescence stage, the absorption capacity is weakened, the utilization rate of rhizosphere fertilization is very low, and some nutrients are often in short supply. The root dressing is carried out to extend the functional period of the leaves and prevent premature aging. Due to the suitable seedlings, spraying the appropriate concentration of urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can prevent de-fertilization, increase grain weight and improve quality, and also have a certain effect on preventing dry hot air.
5, anti-frost. "Chunming breaks snow, valley rain breaks frost." After the jointing, the resistance to low temperature is obviously reduced. When it encounters the cold air in the north, it will suffer from different degrees of freezing damage. Pre-frost irrigation, smoke and antifreeze are all measures to reduce the damage caused by the conditions, and can be used flexibly according to the conditions.
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