Interleukins (ILs), referred to as interleukins, originally refer to cytokines produced by leukocytes and regulating between leukocytes, all of which are small molecule polypeptides or glycoproteins. In 1979, the 2nd International Lymphokines Symposium named the interleukin-interacting cytokines in the immune response as interleukins and defined their naming rules. At least 38 interleukins have been discovered, commonly used as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, etc. They have a wide range of biological activities, mediating cellular immunity, resistance to microbial infections and anti-tumor Aspects play an important role.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) exists in two forms, IL-1α and IL-1β, which bind to the same receptor. It is mainly derived from mononuclear phagocytic cells, as well as lymphocytes, endothelial cells and keratinocytes. It has immunomodulatory effects at low concentrations, such as synergistic stimulation to enhance T cell and APC activity; promote B cell proliferation and antibody production; induce plasma protein synthesis in acute phase of liver at high concentrations, mediate inflammatory response; cause fever and cachexia status.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is mainly produced by CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells can also be produced, exerting effects in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Its main functions are: (1) activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, promoting cytokine production; (2) stimulation of NK cell proliferation and activation, induction of LAK cell production; (3) promotion of activation of B cell proliferation and production of antibodies; 4) Mononuclear-macrophages can be activated.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is mainly produced by Th2 cells, and its main functions are (1) stimulation of B cell activation and proliferation, induction of Ig class switching to produce IgG1 and IgE, and promotion of antigen presentation; (2) promotion of Th0 cells Differentiation into Th2 cells; (3) inhibition of Th1 cell activation and proliferation; (4) synergy with IL-3 to stimulate mast cell proliferation.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is mainly produced by Th2 cells, and can also be produced by mononuclear-macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Its main functions are: (1) stimulate the synthesis of acute phase plasma proteins in hepatocytes, participate in inflammatory reactions; (2) stimulate the proliferation of activated B cells, secrete antibodies; (3) synergistically stimulate the proliferation of T cells, thymocytes and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (4) promote the proliferation of myeloma cells.
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is produced mainly by mononuclear-macrophages and endothelial cells, and also by epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Its main functions are: (1) strong chemotactic effect on neutrophils, chemotaxis to eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes; (2) activation of neutrophils, participation Inflammation.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is mainly produced by Th2 cells and monocyte macrophages; B cells and epithelial cells can also be produced. Its main functions are: (1) inhibiting the antigen presentation and helper T cell response of macrophages; (2) inhibiting the differentiation of Th0 cells into Th1 cells and the production of cytokines; (3) promoting the differentiation and proliferation of B cells.
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is mainly produced by T cells, B cells, and mononuclear-macrophages. Its main functions are: (1) activation of NK cells; (2) promotion of Th0 cells to differentiate and proliferate Th1 cells; (3) stimulation of CD8+ CTL cell activation; (4) induction of LAK cells in synergy with IL-2.
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is mainly derived from monocyte-macrophages and epithelial cells, which stimulates activated T cells to produce cytokines and induces cytotoxicity of NK cells.
To evaluate the dynamic level of interleukin in the body, it is of great significance to understand the occurrence, development, and outcome of immune diseases and the dynamics of collective protective immune response. The method for detecting changes in interleukin levels in the body is mostly ELISA, which is suitable for testing antigens such as various macromolecular proteins.
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