In 1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays, enabling humans to observe images from the body in vitro.
Tian Wei
The appearance of the CT machine in 1971 provided more accurate image data for examining the internal anatomy. Since then, medical imaging has been widely used in orthopedics.
The emergence of minimally invasive concepts in the late 1980s greatly promoted the application and promotion of image-guided orthopedic surgery.
In the same period, robotic technology gained clinical application in neurosurgery (1985), and then expanded into a variety of surgical fields such as orthopedics (joint, spine, trauma), and has given birth to a variety of new treatment concepts and methods.
In 1992, Integrated Surgical Systems of the United States introduced RoboDoc, an active orthopaedic robotic product for the formation, positioning and placement of bones and prostheses in arthroplasty. Studies have shown that RoboDoc robotic surgery can achieve the level of traditional surgery, and provides a unique preoperative planning software OrthoDoc; but at the same time, system failure, long femoral treatment time, high incidence of complications are also certain To a certain extent, it hinders the widespread use of the system.
The Acrobot Sculptor robot that emerged in 2001 was the first orthopaedic robot to use the concept of active restraint. Later, with the deepening of research, parallel robots began to be used in the research of special orthopedic surgery equipments due to their advantages of high rigidity, high precision and small size.
In 2001, Mazor developed a small six-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism Renaissance system that can be attached to the patient's spine with a tip positioning accuracy of <1 mm, an overall system accuracy of <1.5 mm, a diameter of 50 mm, a height of 80 mm and a weight of only 250 g. The system is a passive robot that can be used to specifically guide the direction of screw insertion during spinal fusion. The spinous process clamp is fixed on a single spinous process and can be operated on three nearby vertebral bodies. The Hover-T minimally invasive frame provides 19 mounting positions for Renaissance equipment for a wider operating range for chest, lumbar, and atlas surgery. As of June 2015, the global installed base has exceeded 80 units. Clinical studies have reported that the accuracy of pedicle screw placement is over 95%, which is significantly better than traditional surgical results, but it is complicated in operation and lacks real-time image monitoring and other defects.
The research on orthopedic robots in China is still in the initial stage as a whole. The research and use units mainly include Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology and other scientific research institutions. In 2002, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology and other units of "medical workers" united with trauma orthopedics as the entry point, initiated the research of orthopedic robots in China.
Subsequently, a number of domestic institutions carried out related research and made technological breakthroughs in the fields of trauma orthopedics, spine surgery, sports medicine, etc. Some of the results have been applied to the clinic.
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