Release date: 2016-04-05

I mentioned the "cancer test strip", perhaps you have heard of it. The invention of the American boy Jack Andraka's test method for early pancreatic cancer has shocked the world. This method can make the "king of cancer" pancreatic cancer still "emerging" when it is still in its infancy. In Japan, there are also research groups that have developed a new reagent called "cancer test strip" that detects Helicobacter pylori with higher precision based on Japanese body mass, and is expected to help prevent stomach diseases such as stomach cancer and gastric ulcer. In the future, can “cancer test strips” really help humans to resist disease? We need confusing from the professional field.

American teenagers invented the magical and rapid "cancer test strip"

Jack Andraka, born in 1997, is a high school student in Kronesville, Maryland, USA. His name has been famous throughout the medical profession since he was 15 years old. In 2012, he was the winner of the Intel Science Award, and now his identity is American inventors, scientists and cancer researchers. ( Please refer to the "Video" Junior Talents released by Medical Valley! Jack Andrews brings new hope for pancreatic cancer detection. )

According to reports, Jack's original new method for detecting pancreatic cancer is a method for testing the content of Mesothelin in human blood. Mesothelin is often found in the blood and urine of patients with early pancreatic cancer. There is a biological indicator. Jack made a special material using "mesothelin" antibody and carbon nanotubes, and then covered it on ordinary filter paper to make a "cancer test strip." Using a specific antibody against mesothelin and carbon nanotubes with conductivity to make a special material, attached to the filter paper; if the blood contains mesothelin, these mesothelin will specifically bind to the antibody, resulting in carbon nano The conductivity of the tube changes, and then the tester can calculate the amount of blood mesothelin based on changes in the electrical signal. When the tester drops a drop of blood onto this "cancer test strip", if there is "mesothelin" in the blood, it will bind to the antibody, thereby causing the antibody to expand and expand; if the blood has "mean" "More" will cause more antibodies to swell, which can change the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, making the conductivity and electronic signals of carbon nanotubes weaker, and this change will pass the "cancer test strip" The biosensing signal on the display is displayed. Therefore, the tester only needs to provide a drop of blood test, and through the color change on the test paper, the degree of "mesothelin" in his blood can be accurately measured.

Jack's experiments at Johns Hopkins University prove that his magical cancer measurement method is not only completely feasible, but also faster than the existing medical industry's popular detection methods, 168 times faster and 26667 times cheaper. The degree and effectiveness are up to 400 times.

Expert Interpretation: At present, "cancer test strips" have not yet been popularized in clinical practice.

The “cancer test strip” developed by Jack Andraka is actually a new method to detect the content of mesothelin in blood or urine. This method combines the conductivity and bio-immunospecificity of physical nanotubes. The principle of scientific detection has certain rationality. Not only is the measurement fast and the price is cheap, but the measurement sensitivity and accuracy are also greatly improved compared with the previous methods. The method for measuring the mesothelin content is worthy of recognition, but whether the blood contains other influences on carbon nanometers. The conductivity factor of the tube still deserves further scrutiny.

From the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (second affiliated hospital), the director of the bile and pancreatic surgery, the doctoral tutor Chen Yufu and the physician Li Guolin were interviewed by the reporter. “The original intention of scientists to develop 'cancer test strips' is to find a simpler and more convenient way to identify and diagnose cancer.” Professor Chen Yufu said, “Defining any test method as a 'cancer test strip', not only to obtain detection The method of mesothelin, more importantly, is to determine whether the content of mesothelin is correlated with the diagnosis of clinical disease."

From a clinical point of view, the diagnosis of cancer is nothing more than distinguishing tumor cells from normal cells, tumor tissues and normal tissues. The difference between them is reflected in the biological characteristics of the cells. For example, the essence of canceration of cells is the change of genetic material in cells, the abnormal expression of oncogenes, and the loss or inactivity of tumor suppressor genes. The protein is the product of the gene, the normal cells are cancerous, the gene is abnormally expressed, and the corresponding encoded protein is also changed. On the other hand, the physical properties of tumor cells also change, such as changes in cell size, shape, changes in cell structure, and changes in cellular chemicals. "Because of the lack of specificity and sensitivity, the popularity and testing of such test strips have not yet appeared in clinical practice. In addition, it is necessary to compare them with the existing markers of tumors to determine whether such test strips are used as diagnostic means. Superiority or complementarity to determine its application value." Chen Yufu said.

The diagnostic value of test strips in practical applications is still controversial

The identification of cancer is not a one-off task. In practical applications, it is important to find a specific marker for tumors, especially a specific marker for early tumors. For example, in the diagnosis of early pancreatic cancer, it is not important to find out how to detect mesothelin content more quickly, but to find a marker that can express specific differences in early pancreatic cancer, which is a difficult but meaningful Scientific research direction. Li Guolin told reporters that the results of the current research on "cancer test strips" only confirm the convenience and efficiency of its detection, but the diagnosis of tumors can only be used to a certain extent, and can not be used for tumors. Screening is even more difficult to replace the "gold standard" of tumor diagnosis - pathological diagnosis. "Testing different tumor types due to the single component of the 'cancer test strip' test, in the case of mesothelin-type 'cancer test strips', the inconsistent diagnosis of mesothelin for different cancers will inevitably lead to its use on different cancers. The accuracy rate is inconsistent," he explained. "The reason is that the difference in the expression of mesothelin in different tumors is inconsistent with that of normal patients. The test paper can only detect changes in mesothelin content, and the heterogeneity and biological behavior of tumors. Diverse and complex, it has not been found that a single biological indicator can determine the nature or stage of a tumor."

Li Guolin, an attending physician, said that the diagnostic value of this type of test paper is limited, and there is still a controversy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. However, there are many diagnostic values ​​in ovarian cancer and mesothelioma, but on mesothelium. The comparison of the diagnostic value of sputum in different tumors has not been reported, so it is impossible to accurately determine which tumor has the highest accuracy.

Future directions: Identify specific markers for early tumors

The difference between tumor and normal is largely reflected in the biological characteristics of the cells. Tumor cells vary greatly in genomic sequence, gene expression, and protein translation from normal cells. For large-scale genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), transcriptome sequencing, proteomics detection, etc., after large data is acquired, cluster analysis and deep learning algorithms are used to find normal samples. The essential difference in cancer samples is ultimately expected to diagnose tumors.

Tumor diagnosis is the most important treatment for cancer. Especially for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer, 80% of patients with pancreatic cancer have lost the opportunity of radical surgery at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer can greatly improve the prognosis of patients. Li Guolin, MD, said that the scientific field of "cancer test strips" for pancreatic cancer has not yet reported new issues or ongoing issues in addition to the immature mesothelin test strips reported. Future research will still focus on identifying specific markers for early tumors, and then simplifying the assay and reducing costs through “cancer test strips”.

"Tumor production is a long-term, multi-process, multi-factor biological behavior. For everyone, what we can do is to develop good habits, not to smoke, not to drink, not overeating, positive. Exercise, maintain a positive and optimistic attitude." He said, "The key to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is early diagnosis and early treatment. Regular physical examination is especially important, especially for related high risk factors such as family history of cancer, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes (especially 2 Patients such as newly diagnosed diabetes within ~5 years should be screened for pancreatic disease."

Source: Guangzhou Daily

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