From late June to mid-July this year, most areas of our province were hit by heavy rain and floods, followed by successive high-temperature droughts in late July. After the floods and droughts, replanting autumn potatoes is a good choice. Now we will introduce the potato varieties suitable for cultivation in autumn in the province after the flood and drought, as well as their high-yield, high-quality, and high-efficiency cultivation techniques.
First, select quality virus-free seed potatoes according to local conditions
The selection of good varieties is the basis for high yield, high quality and efficient cultivation of potatoes. Autumn sowing potato in our province has enough light for autumn and relatively little rain, and the dry matter content of the potato block is relatively high. However, the suitable growth period of autumn potato is shorter, and it is advisable to choose a short-maturing early-maturing variety. At present, potato varieties suitable for cultivation in early autumn in our province mainly include Feiwuruitin, Zhongshu No.5 and Dongnong 303. Tubers are generally used for asexual reproduction in potato production. The potato chips that are planted year after year are often degraded due to continuous virus infestation and accumulation, causing the plants to become shorter, the leaves shrink, the growth potential significantly worse, the resistance decline, and tuber changes. Small, poor quality, greatly reduced production. In order to reduce the harm of potato virus disease and improve its yield, quality and production efficiency, the selection of seed potatoes must use virus-free or virus-free virus-free seed potatoes. The application of virus-free seed potato is currently the most effective technical measure to solve the harm of potato virus disease and improve the yield and quality at home and abroad. The potential for yield increase is generally 30%-50%, and the high yield can be doubled.
Second, do a good job of seed processing
Fresh, robust, full-grown tubers without sprouting should be selected as seed potatoes. Seed potatoes need to be treated before sowing: (1) Disinfection and breakage of dormancy Seeds can be soaked in a mixture of 500-fold solution of thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim and 5-10 mg/kg of gibberellic acid for 15-20 minutes. Postponed cool, dark place germination, germination until the sprouts after sowing. The role of thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim is to sterilize the seed potatoes and kill germs that are lurking on the surface of seed potatoes. The effect of gibberellin is to break the dormancy of tubers, promote the consistent occurrence of potato shoots, and ensure the emergence of seedlings. (2) The use of small seed potatoes (about 30-50 grams) to sow the whole potato to plant small sweet potatoes has the advantage of apical buds, which is conducive to seizing high yields; and the temperature of the autumn potatoes at the time of sowing and early growth is high, and the cut pieces are susceptible to rot. Whole potato sowing. In general, 150-200 kilograms of seed potatoes should be prepared for each mu of field.
Third, a reasonable rotation
It is advisable to plant potato soil with a choice of deep soil, loose and fertile soil, good permeability, and easy-to-drain and slightly acidic loam or light sandy soil. Potato bogey and continuous cropping, potato-planted plots should not be used as potatoes for 2-3 consecutive years, and should also be avoided in connection with other solanaceous crops (such as peppers, eggplants, tomatoes, tobacco, etc.) and other root and tuber crops; Branches and Gramineae crops are suitable. Potatoes grown in paddy fields are planted with paddy-upland rotations, which can reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests, effectively improve the soil and fertility, and have obvious yield-increasing effects.
Fourth, deep plowing
Deep plowing is the basis for ensuring high yields of potatoes. Deep plowing can make the soil loose and have good air permeability, improve soil water storage, fertilizer retention and drought resistance, improve soil physical properties, and create favorable conditions for potato root development and tuber enlargement. Before sowing, deep plowing should be done 20-30cm, according to the width of the car 100-110? Carriage ridge, ridge width 70-80? Around the width of the car ditch 30?, Ditch depth 15-20?, Weigou (paddy field) deep 30cm, The mud removed during the ditching should be evenly thrown in the middle of the cabin, and the ridge surface should be formed into a turtle shape.
Fifth, apply base fertilizer
According to the measurement, each ton of potato produced will consume about N25-6 kg, P2O52-3 kg, and K2O11-13 kg from the soil; the estimated production of 1.5 tons of potatoes per mu should be applied to pure N27.5-9 kg and P2O53-4.5 kg. , K2O16.5-19.5 kg. It is recommended to apply 1200-1500 kg of fertilizer per hectare of manure or 60 kg of fermented cake fertilizer, 40 kg of compound fertilizer, and 40 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate (potassium) fertilizer, combined with site preparation and concentration of furrow facilities to fully exert fertilizer effect.
Six, appropriate sowing
Appropriate sowing is an important guarantee for the high yield and high efficiency of potatoes. Autumn potatoes in the plains and hills of our province should be sown in late August-September and harvested from the end of November to December.
Seventh, reasonable close planting
The suitable density for potato planting was 4500-5000 strains/mu for early maturing varieties, and suitable sowing method for seeding methods. Two lines per ridge, spacing 35-40 ?, spacing 20-26? Pull the rope to open the sowing ditch and sow the depth of the ditch 10-12?, spread the base fertilizer evenly on the ditch, mix in the soil or cover the soil with fertilizer 2-3?, in case of drought can be poured once more diluted manure water; then the seed potatoes According to sowing specifications evenly placed in the sowing ditch away from the fertilizer or ditch edge, and then covered in soil above 7-8 thick cover species.
In order to prevent weeds from growing on ridges, we should promptly adopt pre-emergence herbicides such as Jinduer and Penelope to prevent weeds after planting. It is recommended to use 100 ml of herbicide per acre and 50 kg of water to spray evenly on the ridge soil. On the layer, it can inhibit the germination growth of weed seeds on the surface of soil and effectively control weeds.
Eight, to strengthen field training
After the seedlings are unearthed, they will grow to 4-6 leaves. They shall top up the diluted fecal water or apply 4-5 kilograms of urea per acre to raise the seedlings according to the seedling growth and the color of the leaves; and combine the cultivating and weeding, and cultivating the soil 2-3. Times (each interval of 10 days or so, the cultivator should be done in the early stage and shallow in the later period), and be cultivated before planting ridges. The first time the soil is cultivated early to facilitate the promotion of early tubers; when the seedling height is 15-20, the first cultivator should be used to cultivate the soil and remove the weeds between the rows; the second cultivator weeding and weeding should be carried out during the budding stage. The third cultivating weeding and earthing were carried out before plant mulching at flowering stage. The last time the soil is cultivated should be as high as possible in order to facilitate the growth and enlargement of the tuber, and to prevent the tuber from being exposed to greenness, affecting the quality of food and commercial quality.
Control of plant growth If there are too many nitrogenous fertilizers in the soil, continuous rainy weather, and insufficient light, the plants tend to be prolonged, nutrients are transported to the stems and leaves, and only long seedlings, no potatoes, or delayed tubers appear, affecting the early maturing of potatoes. High-yield; Some growth regulators should be used to regulate the growth of shoots and underground parts of potato plants, adjust the distribution of photosynthetic products, effectively inhibit the growth of plant shoots, and promote the expansion of tubers in the underground part of the plant. Common growth regulators include chlormequat, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole. The method of application is foliar spray, using concentrations of chlormequat: 0.1%, 100-150 mg/kg paclobutrazol, and 100 mg/kg uniconazole; 0.3%-0.4% phosphoric acid can also be sprayed. Hydrogen potassium inhibits plant growth, prevents premature aging, prolongs leaf function, and promotes tuberculosis.
Nine, strengthen pest control
Insect pest control The most serious pests of potato plants are aphids and earthworms, and underground tigers. For the prevention and control of locusts must be early detection, timely spraying control; otherwise, maggots not only harm the plants, but also spread a variety of viruses, easy to make plants infected with viral disease. The control of aphids can be done with Da Gongchen, imidacloprid, and CPT and other agents. For example, 1 package (8 g) Da Gongchen powder per acre is used against about 14 kilograms of water (ie, 1 sprayer water), evenly sprayed on the back of the leaves, and there is good prevention and treatment. effect. To control underground pests such as earthworms and ground tigers, use 90% crystals of trichlorfon 150 g or 50% phoxim EC as per acre, dilute with a small amount of water, and mix 20 kg of fine soil to mix poisonous soil. Evenly applied into the sowing ditch; you can also spread into the soil with 1 kg of fine soil that is easy to kill and clean powder per acre.
Disease prevention and control hazards The major diseases of potato include early blight, late blight, bacterial wilt, and ring rot. Early blight and late blight are fungal diseases. Early blight can be controlled by 70% mancozeb or 75% chlorothalonil or 64% vanadium wettable powder 500 times, usually 7 to 10 days, and sprayed continuously. 2 or 3 times; late blight can be controlled by Rhizoctonia or Metalaxyl Manganese Zinc, and it is generally used to prevent a late blight with 25% Rhizoctonia 500-800 times after budding, and then use metalaxyl Mn after flowering. Zinc 800-1000 times spraying to prevent late blight for 2-3 times, spray once every 7-10 days. For example, if serious late field blight develops, and some stems and leaves begin to die off, the above-ground parts of the plant may be cut off in advance (after cutting off the ground part, the cork layer may be formed after a few days and then harvested) to prevent late blight. Bacteria spread to tubers. Bacterial wilt is a kind of bacterial disease. When it is serious, it can cause whole plants to wither and die. At present, no effective pesticides have been found to control bacterial wilt, mainly agricultural control, such as strict selection of seed potatoes, rotation, deep Groove high ridge cultivation. Ring rot is also a bacterial disease. The susceptible plant often wilts to the ground and is easily confused with bacterial wilt. A brown vascular bundle appears on the cross-section of the stem and tuber, and bacterial pus exudes once squeezed. The prevention and control method is the strict use of disease-free seed potatoes. It is best to use whole potatoes for sowing.
Ten, timely harvest
Potatoes harvest the highest yields during their physiological maturity. The signs of physiological maturity are: (1) The leaf color gradually turns yellow from green to dry, and the nutrients in the stem and leaf are basically stopped feeding to the tuber; (2) The umbilical part of the tuber and the growing tuber are easily detached, and it is not separated from the stem by force; (3) The toughness of the tuber skin is larger, the cortex is thicker, and the color is normal. Generally, early-maturing fresh foods such as Feiwurui, Zhongshu No. 5 and Dongnong 303 can be harvested 60 days after emergence. The harvest should be conducted in fine weather. On the one hand, it is easy to dig and the potato block is not easily contaminated. On the other hand, the moisture content of the potato block is low for easy storage and transportation. The harvested potato pieces should be placed in the sun to dry the surface moisture, remove the soil from the epidermis timely, remove the bad potatoes, pests and diseases, damage the potatoes, mechanical damage, such as potatoes, green and unshaped potatoes, etc. Blocks, impurities, graded packaging, according to each bag of 30-32 kg standard nylon net bag installed in time to market.
Attachment: Introduction of three potato varieties suitable for planting in autumn in the province:
Feierui It is a potato early-maturing variety introduced by the Seed Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, also known as Dutch Potato. This breed is about 60 days from emergence to maturity. About 60cm in plant height, plant type erect, less branches, corolla blue, stem purple, green leaves. The tubers are oval in shape, round on the top, light yellowish skin, bright yellow flesh, smooth epidermis, few and shallow buds; concentrative tubers, large and neat tubers, 5 tubers per plant, average weight of single tubers about 100 grams . Steamed food quality, fresh dry matter content of 17.7% -20%, starch content of 12.4% -14%, vitamin C content of about 25 mg / 100 grams of fresh potatoes, crude protein content of about 2%, reducing sugar content of about 0.25%, suitable Fresh potato dishes and fresh potatoes are exported. The variety is water-tolerant, cold-tolerant, and storage-resistant; spring plants are susceptible to late blight, inducing ring rot, black shank and bacterial wilt, anti-Y virus and leafroll virus, and plant immunity to A virus and cancer disease; Planting diseases in autumn are relatively few and light, and the planting density is suitable for about 4500-5000 plants per mu. In the spring, the planting yield is generally 1500-1700 kg per mu, and the yield under high fertilizer and water conditions can reach 2500-3000 kg; in the autumn, the yield is generally about 1,200 kg per mu. Due to the shallow layer of tuber, tubers are sensitive to light, easily changeable green, and affect commercial quality. When planting, they should be properly planted or seeded with the buds facing downward, and pay attention to early cultivating and high-cultivation soil so as to prevent the tubers from appearing green. Affect quality.
Zhongshu No. 5 is a potato early maturing variety developed by the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2004. This variety can be harvested 60 days after emergence. Tubers are round, oblong, pale yellowish yellow flesh with smooth epidermis and very shallow buds; concentrative tubers and large and neat tubers. The taste and flavor of the fried food is good, and the fried chips have a light color. The fresh dry matter content of the sweet potato is about 19% and the starch content is about 13%. It is suitable for fresh potato dishes. This species is early maturing and high yielding, strong growth potential, but few branches, close planting and increasing income; plant field is more resistant to late blight, leaf virus disease and PVY virus disease, is not resistant to scab, and is resistant to thinness. It is advisable to plant about 5,000 plants per acre. In the spring, the planting area is generally about 1,500 to 2,000 kilograms per mu. In the autumn, the planting area is generally about 1,200 kilograms per mu.
Dongnong 303 is a potato early maturing variety developed by the Northeast Agricultural College. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 1986. The tuber formation of this variety is early, emergence to maturity 55-60 days. Plant height is about 45 centimeters with medium number of branches, green stems and strong growth potential. Tubers oblong, yellow and yellow flesh, smooth skin, multiple and shallow buds; tuber concentrated, tuber moderate size, more neat, single tuber 6-7, tuber production of about 400 grams of potatoes. Steamed food quality, fresh potato dry matter content of 20.5%, starch content of 13.1% -14%, crude protein content of 2.52%, vitamin C content of 15.2 mg / 100 grams of fresh potatoes, suitable for fresh potato dishes. This species has strong adaptability, high resistance to mosaic virus disease, light rolling leaf virus disease, resistance to ring rot, late blight in plants, tuber resistance to late blight, tolerance to bunchy top disease, and strong resistance to insects. Dry land is also suitable for paddy field cultivation. It is advisable to plant 4500-5000 plants per acre, usually 1500-2000 kg for winter sowing and 1000-1250 kg for autumn sowing. Tuber dormancy period of about 70 days, resistant to storage. Due to the high number of potato segments, weeds should be combined with soil 2-3 times before emerging from mulching to prevent bare tubers.
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