First, fertility characteristics: Chestnut climate adaptation to a wide range of soil conditions. The suitable annual average temperature is lO.5-21.8°C, the temperature is too high, insufficient hibernation, poor growth and development, and the low temperature is vulnerable to freezing injury. Chestnut enjoys lyrical and moist soil, but is afraid of the loudness of the rain. If there is too much rain, the water will remain in the soil for a long time and it will easily affect the growth of roots, especially mycorrhizae. Therefore, it is not advisable to develop chestnut plants in low-lying areas. Chestnut is more sensitive to soil pH and is suitable for growing on slightly acidic soils with a PH value of 5-6. This is because chestnut trees are high-manganese plants. Under acidic conditions, they can activate nutrients such as manganese and calcium, which are beneficial to the absorption of chestnuts. And use. Xuzhou is located on the southern edge of the Yellow Sea beach. The annual average temperature is 13.7-14.1°C, and the annual precipitation is 782-946 mm, which is suitable for the growth and development of the millet tree.
Second, cultivation management technology:
(A) Chestnut field selection:
Chestnut garden should choose sandy loam with a low water table and well-drained. Avoid soil salt and alkali, low moisture, easy to wind, windy place planting. To open up a cedar park in the hilly land, we should choose a near-mountain area where the terrain is gentle and where the soil is relatively thick, and gradually expand to areas with poor conditions.
(B) species selection:
The selection of varieties should be based on the local breeding of fine varieties as the main cultivars, such as Artillery No.2, Chen Guo No.1, etc., and appropriate introduction of Shifeng, Jinfeng, Haifeng, green hair soft thorns, red hot summer and other varieties. According to different food requirements, the varieties of fried chestnuts should be used as the main varieties, and properly developed varieties of rapeseed should be taken into account. It is necessary to take into account foreign trade exports as well as the needs of the domestic market. At the same time, it is reasonable to match early, middle and late varieties.
(3) Rational allocation of pollination trees:
Chestnut trees mainly transmit pollen by wind, but because chestnut trees have different male and female flowers and self-ripping patterns, single varieties often produce empty spots due to poor pollination. Therefore, the new chestnut plant must be formulated with 10% pollinated trees. Practice has proved that the city is better with pollination tree.
(D) rational close planting:
Proper close planting is the basic measure to increase the output per unit area. The chestnuts in the plains range from 30 to 40 per acre, and the chestnut in the mountains is 40-60 per acre. It is planned to plant 60-111 strains per mu for dense planting of chestnuts, and then gradually perform intercropping with each other.
(5) Rational fertilization:
Reasonable fertilization is an important basis for high yield in Liyuan. Basal fertilizer should be dominated by soil miscellaneous fertilizer to improve the soil, improve the soil's ability to maintain fertilizer and water, and provide more comprehensive nutritional elements. The application time is better after autumn fruit picking. The temperature is higher during this period and the fertilizer is easy to decompose. At the same time, it is a new root generation period, which is conducive to absorption, so as to promote the accumulation of tree nutrients, and has a good effect on the differentiation of female flowers in the following year. . Top dressing is quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and the top dressing time is early spring and summer. The spring planting fruit trees are usually topped with 0.3-0.5 kg urea per tree, and each fruit tree topped with 2 kg urea. After the recovery, we must combine watering to give full play to the fertilizer effect. Summer top dressing is carried out from late July to mid-August. At this time, the quick-effect nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer can promote the increase of fruit size, plump fruit, and improve fruit quality. The extra-root fertilizer can be carried out several times a year, with the emphasis on doing it twice. For the first time, in the early spring, the basal leaves of the shoots were sprayed with 0.3%-0.5% urea plus 0.3%-0.5% borax when they started to turn green from yellow to yellow. Their role was to promote basic leaf function, increase photosynthesis, and promote the formation of pot flowers; The second is to spray two O.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate two times in intervals of 1 month and 15 months before the harvest, the main role is to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, and promote the transfer of nutrients from the 12 officials such as leaves to the fruit. , There is a significant increase in the role of single grain weight.
(6) Irrigation:
Chestnut is more like water. Generally before the germination and during the period of rapid fruit growth, each irrigation is beneficial to the normal growth and development of fruit trees and the improvement of fruit quality.
(seven) plastic trim:
Chestnut tree trimmed with winter shears and summer shears. The winter shear is carried out from the fall of leaves to the spring before the spring of the leap year, which can promote the growth of the millet and the formation of female flowers. The main methods are short cuts, thinning, retraction, slow release, pull sticks and scratches. Summer pruning mainly refers to the buds in the growing season, picking the heart, removing males and thinning branches. Its role is to promote branching, increase female flowers, increase seed setting rate and single grain weight. 1. Shortcut: Cut off part of the annual branch. Short cuts can promote branching, increase tree vigor, compact crowns, reduce male flowers, and adjust the distribution of nutrients. Delayed pruning can be applied to Wangshu and Wangzhi and short cut after budding. 2. Retraction: It is a short cut for perennial branches. Mostly used for growth weakness, the result of the relocation of the site, a serious perennial bald bald serious branches. 3. Thinning: The slim branches of the branches, branches and inner branches are removed from the base. 4. Wearing a cap shear: Conduct winter short cuts near the tip of the new collection. Two to four small buds are left on the new round of wheel marks. The short shoots and live hats are trimmed. If properly handled, the buds on the caps and the big buds under the wheel marks can be used to draw the resulting sticks. Do not leave stubs on the shoots of new shoots. Shortcuts are made by trimming the dead caps. Under normal circumstances, it is not strong to wear dead hats and shears. 5, slow release: Slow release is not cut. The main role is to disperse the nutrition and ease the tree potential. More use of slow-release pruning Wang tree. 6, pull branches and injuring: For the tree crown is not used topping strong prosperous support branches, in the spring sap flowing to the open bud during the bud to flatten it, and in the germination parts of the top of the buds to be injured, so that When the branches are vigorously cultivated and pruned during the winter, they are retracted to the site where the strong branches are drawn. 7. Topping: When the new shoot grows to 30 cm, the tip of the shoot will be removed. Mainly used on Wang branch, the purpose is to promote branching, early results. Take 2-3 times a year. The result of the initial result of the fruit tree is long and prosperous. When the tip of the fruit grows, leave 3-5 shoots topping. After topping, it can form about 3 robust branches, which can increase the proportion of fruiting branches, and can also slow the outward movement of the resulting parts. 8. Except for male: Only a few male inflorescences are left on the branches and the rest are removed. Its role is mainly to control nutrients, promote the formation of female flowers and improve the strength of knots.
(8) Thinning, fruit thinning and pollination:
The sparse flowers can be directly removed by hand off the afterlife of small flowers, poor flowers, as much as possible to retain Mr. large flowers, good flowers, generally each of the results of the branches to retain 1-3 female flowers is appropriate. It is best to use sparse fruit cuts for fruit thinning and leave a single pod between each section. In the process of thinning flowers and thinning fruit, we must master the principle of keeping more of the circumference of the crown and keeping it less. For artificially assisted pollination, varieties with good quality, large grain, early heat-generating period, and easy peeling of astringent skin should be selected as pollination trees. When the anthers of most flower clusters on a branch of a male inflorescence or male inflorescence have just turned from green to yellow, the male inflorescence that was collected is spread on glass or on a clean sheet of paper before 5 o'clock in the morning, and it is left dry. In the wind, turn it twice a day and put the fallen pollen and anther into a clean brown bottle. When the sparse stigmas of the three female flowers in one of the total pods protrude completely out of reversal, use a writing brush or a pencil with a rubber head to spot the pollen on the stigma of the reversed roll. If the height of the tree is too inconvenient, gauze bags can be used to shake or spray the powder, and then the ratio of 1 part of pollen to 5 parts of hawthorn meal can be used.
(9) Harvesting and Storage:
1. Harvest: There are two methods for chestnut harvesting, namely picking up the chestnut and hitting the millet. The method of picking up chestnuts is to fully heat the chestnuts and naturally pick them up after landing. In order to facilitate the picking of chestnuts, ground weeds should be removed before the chestnuts are attacked. When harvesting, first vibrate the tree body, and then pick up the fallen chestnuts and chestnuts. Be sure to pick up once a day, morning and evening, and pick it up with storage. The benefits of picking up chestnuts are that chestnuts are full and full, yields are high, quality is good, and they are highly resistant to hiding. The method of playing chestnuts is to scatter and split the mature chestnuts gently with bamboo rakes, and then pick them up. Harvested using this method, usually 2-3 days to fight once. During snoring, the twigs are beaten inwards from the outside of the crown to shake the chestnuts so as not to damage the branches and leaves. It is forbidden to lay all the chestnuts with different maturity at one time. The chestnut pods harvested and destroyed should be “sweat†as soon as possible because the temperature is higher at that time, the actual water content of the chestnuts is large, the respiratory intensity is high, and a large amount of fever occurs. If the treatment is not timely, the chestnuts are easily rotted. The treatment method is to select the place where the shade is cool and ventilated, and spread the chestnut thinly. The thickness should be 20-30 cm. It is advisable to splash the water every day, and then cool and sweat for 2-3 days to perform manual threshing.
2. Storage: There are three fears: First, they are afraid of heat; second, they are afraid of dryness; and third, they are afraid of freezing. Under normal temperature conditions, chestnut rot mainly occurs within one month after harvesting, which is referred to as the dangerous period. Less than 2-3 months after harvest, it is a safe period. Therefore, it is the key to prevent the real rot of chestnuts that the temporary storage before shipment or the storage before storage in the kiln. The simpler and more convenient temporary method is to choose a cool and humid place and build a storage shed of a corresponding size according to the actual size of the chestnut. The roof of the building is covered with a bamboo (wood) pole, covered with a mat, surrounded by branches or corn and sorghum stalks to prevent sunlight and air drying. The ground level in the shed should be leveled, bedding about l0cm thick river sand, and then mix the chestnuts with 3-5 parts of sand and put the chestnuts on top, stacking 30-40cm high, covering the wet sand around 10 cm. Start to flip once every 3-5 days, half a month later every 5-7 days flip once, each turn to pick out corrupted chestnuts. In order to prevent air drying, please also pay attention to sprinkle Moisturizing
Second, cultivation management technology:
(A) Chestnut field selection:
Chestnut garden should choose sandy loam with a low water table and well-drained. Avoid soil salt and alkali, low moisture, easy to wind, windy place planting. To open up a cedar park in the hilly land, we should choose a near-mountain area where the terrain is gentle and where the soil is relatively thick, and gradually expand to areas with poor conditions.
(B) species selection:
The selection of varieties should be based on the local breeding of fine varieties as the main cultivars, such as Artillery No.2, Chen Guo No.1, etc., and appropriate introduction of Shifeng, Jinfeng, Haifeng, green hair soft thorns, red hot summer and other varieties. According to different food requirements, the varieties of fried chestnuts should be used as the main varieties, and properly developed varieties of rapeseed should be taken into account. It is necessary to take into account foreign trade exports as well as the needs of the domestic market. At the same time, it is reasonable to match early, middle and late varieties.
(3) Rational allocation of pollination trees:
Chestnut trees mainly transmit pollen by wind, but because chestnut trees have different male and female flowers and self-ripping patterns, single varieties often produce empty spots due to poor pollination. Therefore, the new chestnut plant must be formulated with 10% pollinated trees. Practice has proved that the city is better with pollination tree.
(D) rational close planting:
Proper close planting is the basic measure to increase the output per unit area. The chestnuts in the plains range from 30 to 40 per acre, and the chestnut in the mountains is 40-60 per acre. It is planned to plant 60-111 strains per mu for dense planting of chestnuts, and then gradually perform intercropping with each other.
(5) Rational fertilization:
Reasonable fertilization is an important basis for high yield in Liyuan. Basal fertilizer should be dominated by soil miscellaneous fertilizer to improve the soil, improve the soil's ability to maintain fertilizer and water, and provide more comprehensive nutritional elements. The application time is better after autumn fruit picking. The temperature is higher during this period and the fertilizer is easy to decompose. At the same time, it is a new root generation period, which is conducive to absorption, so as to promote the accumulation of tree nutrients, and has a good effect on the differentiation of female flowers in the following year. . Top dressing is quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and the top dressing time is early spring and summer. The spring planting fruit trees are usually topped with 0.3-0.5 kg urea per tree, and each fruit tree topped with 2 kg urea. After the recovery, we must combine watering to give full play to the fertilizer effect. Summer top dressing is carried out from late July to mid-August. At this time, the quick-effect nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer can promote the increase of fruit size, plump fruit, and improve fruit quality. The extra-root fertilizer can be carried out several times a year, with the emphasis on doing it twice. For the first time, in the early spring, the basal leaves of the shoots were sprayed with 0.3%-0.5% urea plus 0.3%-0.5% borax when they started to turn green from yellow to yellow. Their role was to promote basic leaf function, increase photosynthesis, and promote the formation of pot flowers; The second is to spray two O.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate two times in intervals of 1 month and 15 months before the harvest, the main role is to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, and promote the transfer of nutrients from the 12 officials such as leaves to the fruit. , There is a significant increase in the role of single grain weight.
(6) Irrigation:
Chestnut is more like water. Generally before the germination and during the period of rapid fruit growth, each irrigation is beneficial to the normal growth and development of fruit trees and the improvement of fruit quality.
(seven) plastic trim:
Chestnut tree trimmed with winter shears and summer shears. The winter shear is carried out from the fall of leaves to the spring before the spring of the leap year, which can promote the growth of the millet and the formation of female flowers. The main methods are short cuts, thinning, retraction, slow release, pull sticks and scratches. Summer pruning mainly refers to the buds in the growing season, picking the heart, removing males and thinning branches. Its role is to promote branching, increase female flowers, increase seed setting rate and single grain weight. 1. Shortcut: Cut off part of the annual branch. Short cuts can promote branching, increase tree vigor, compact crowns, reduce male flowers, and adjust the distribution of nutrients. Delayed pruning can be applied to Wangshu and Wangzhi and short cut after budding. 2. Retraction: It is a short cut for perennial branches. Mostly used for growth weakness, the result of the relocation of the site, a serious perennial bald bald serious branches. 3. Thinning: The slim branches of the branches, branches and inner branches are removed from the base. 4. Wearing a cap shear: Conduct winter short cuts near the tip of the new collection. Two to four small buds are left on the new round of wheel marks. The short shoots and live hats are trimmed. If properly handled, the buds on the caps and the big buds under the wheel marks can be used to draw the resulting sticks. Do not leave stubs on the shoots of new shoots. Shortcuts are made by trimming the dead caps. Under normal circumstances, it is not strong to wear dead hats and shears. 5, slow release: Slow release is not cut. The main role is to disperse the nutrition and ease the tree potential. More use of slow-release pruning Wang tree. 6, pull branches and injuring: For the tree crown is not used topping strong prosperous support branches, in the spring sap flowing to the open bud during the bud to flatten it, and in the germination parts of the top of the buds to be injured, so that When the branches are vigorously cultivated and pruned during the winter, they are retracted to the site where the strong branches are drawn. 7. Topping: When the new shoot grows to 30 cm, the tip of the shoot will be removed. Mainly used on Wang branch, the purpose is to promote branching, early results. Take 2-3 times a year. The result of the initial result of the fruit tree is long and prosperous. When the tip of the fruit grows, leave 3-5 shoots topping. After topping, it can form about 3 robust branches, which can increase the proportion of fruiting branches, and can also slow the outward movement of the resulting parts. 8. Except for male: Only a few male inflorescences are left on the branches and the rest are removed. Its role is mainly to control nutrients, promote the formation of female flowers and improve the strength of knots.
(8) Thinning, fruit thinning and pollination:
The sparse flowers can be directly removed by hand off the afterlife of small flowers, poor flowers, as much as possible to retain Mr. large flowers, good flowers, generally each of the results of the branches to retain 1-3 female flowers is appropriate. It is best to use sparse fruit cuts for fruit thinning and leave a single pod between each section. In the process of thinning flowers and thinning fruit, we must master the principle of keeping more of the circumference of the crown and keeping it less. For artificially assisted pollination, varieties with good quality, large grain, early heat-generating period, and easy peeling of astringent skin should be selected as pollination trees. When the anthers of most flower clusters on a branch of a male inflorescence or male inflorescence have just turned from green to yellow, the male inflorescence that was collected is spread on glass or on a clean sheet of paper before 5 o'clock in the morning, and it is left dry. In the wind, turn it twice a day and put the fallen pollen and anther into a clean brown bottle. When the sparse stigmas of the three female flowers in one of the total pods protrude completely out of reversal, use a writing brush or a pencil with a rubber head to spot the pollen on the stigma of the reversed roll. If the height of the tree is too inconvenient, gauze bags can be used to shake or spray the powder, and then the ratio of 1 part of pollen to 5 parts of hawthorn meal can be used.
(9) Harvesting and Storage:
1. Harvest: There are two methods for chestnut harvesting, namely picking up the chestnut and hitting the millet. The method of picking up chestnuts is to fully heat the chestnuts and naturally pick them up after landing. In order to facilitate the picking of chestnuts, ground weeds should be removed before the chestnuts are attacked. When harvesting, first vibrate the tree body, and then pick up the fallen chestnuts and chestnuts. Be sure to pick up once a day, morning and evening, and pick it up with storage. The benefits of picking up chestnuts are that chestnuts are full and full, yields are high, quality is good, and they are highly resistant to hiding. The method of playing chestnuts is to scatter and split the mature chestnuts gently with bamboo rakes, and then pick them up. Harvested using this method, usually 2-3 days to fight once. During snoring, the twigs are beaten inwards from the outside of the crown to shake the chestnuts so as not to damage the branches and leaves. It is forbidden to lay all the chestnuts with different maturity at one time. The chestnut pods harvested and destroyed should be “sweat†as soon as possible because the temperature is higher at that time, the actual water content of the chestnuts is large, the respiratory intensity is high, and a large amount of fever occurs. If the treatment is not timely, the chestnuts are easily rotted. The treatment method is to select the place where the shade is cool and ventilated, and spread the chestnut thinly. The thickness should be 20-30 cm. It is advisable to splash the water every day, and then cool and sweat for 2-3 days to perform manual threshing.
2. Storage: There are three fears: First, they are afraid of heat; second, they are afraid of dryness; and third, they are afraid of freezing. Under normal temperature conditions, chestnut rot mainly occurs within one month after harvesting, which is referred to as the dangerous period. Less than 2-3 months after harvest, it is a safe period. Therefore, it is the key to prevent the real rot of chestnuts that the temporary storage before shipment or the storage before storage in the kiln. The simpler and more convenient temporary method is to choose a cool and humid place and build a storage shed of a corresponding size according to the actual size of the chestnut. The roof of the building is covered with a bamboo (wood) pole, covered with a mat, surrounded by branches or corn and sorghum stalks to prevent sunlight and air drying. The ground level in the shed should be leveled, bedding about l0cm thick river sand, and then mix the chestnuts with 3-5 parts of sand and put the chestnuts on top, stacking 30-40cm high, covering the wet sand around 10 cm. Start to flip once every 3-5 days, half a month later every 5-7 days flip once, each turn to pick out corrupted chestnuts. In order to prevent air drying, please also pay attention to sprinkle Moisturizing
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