Arginine is a basic amino acid that exerts biological functions in the form of physiologically active L-arginine in vivo. It is not only an essential amino acid for animal protein synthesis, but also a synthetic precursor for various biologically active substances, such as polyamines and NO. Arginine is the only substrate for the synthesis of NO, and the arginine-NO pathway plays an important role in animals. Under normal circumstances, the demand for arginine in adult animals can be met by endogenous synthesis, but under stress conditions, endogenous arginine can not meet the needs of the body. Therefore, arginine is considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid.
Endogenous synthesis of arginine has two pathways. One is arginine, which can be glutamine, pyrrolic acid-5-carboxylic acid synthase, proline oxidase, ornithine transaminase, ornithine transacetylate. It is synthesized by glutamine and proline under the catalysis of enzyme, arginyl succinate synthetase and arginine succinate decomposing enzyme. In addition, ornithine and plasma citrulline in the mitochondria are also precursors for the synthesis of arginine, and citrulline further synthesizes arginine in the cell fluid. For mammals, the synthesis of endogenous arginine involves the small intestine-kidney metabolic axis, citrulline is synthesized by glutamate and glutamine in the intestine, and about 83% of the citrulline released by the small intestine is transported to the kidney. The cytosol arginyl succinate synthetase and arginyl succinate lyase are synthesized as arginine.
Studies have shown that L-arginine metabolism has three pathways in the body. One is that arginine is metabolized by nitric oxide synthase to produce NO, and citrulline is formed. Second, under the action of arginine-degrading enzyme, Arginine produces ornithine and urea, which can also be decomposed into ornithine and creatinine by glycine-transferase; third is polyamine produced by ornithine, which is putrescine, spermidine and spermine The collective name plays an important role in regulating cell growth and development. Arginine degradation is mainly done in the small intestine.
The role of NO pathway of arginine in the cardiovascular system
The study found that the L-arginine-NO pathway is very important. NO is a strong diastolic vascular substance that plays an important role in maintaining constant vascular tone and regulating blood pressure stability. L-arginine is a precursor of NO production. L-arginine supplementation promotes NO production and promotes vasodilation and angiogenesis. On the contrary, L-arginine deficiency leads to a decrease in NO production, which in turn affects angiogenesis. And development. Studies have shown that NO plays a role in the cardiovascular system by activating cytosine cyclase in cells and increasing the concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate to achieve various physiological functions such as vasodilation.
There are many ways in which arginine affects immune function, but it is mainly achieved through the arginine-NO pathway and the regulation of endocrine hormones. It plays an important role in regulating body immunity and intestinal mucosal function protection. Arginine also promotes the production of immunoglobulins and effectively enhances humoral immunity. Arginine is the only substrate for the synthesis of NO, which synthesizes NO under the catalysis of NOS. NO is an important immunoregulatory factor. Its regulation on the immune system mainly includes: 1 regulating T lymphocyte proliferation and antibody response, inhibiting mast cell responsiveness; 2 regulating T cell and macrophage secretion of cytokines; 3 promote the activity of natural killer cells, activate monocytes in peripheral blood; 4 mediate apoptosis of macrophages. In addition, NO can relax gastrointestinal smooth muscle, regulate gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow, thereby maintaining mucosal integrity, maintaining gastrointestinal mucosal barrier function; also inhibiting leukocyte migration to the injury site, while reducing intestinal mucosal permeability, thereby reducing the intestinal tract Mucosal damage. Studies have shown that dietary supplementation with arginine enhances the immunity of pregnant sows and newborn piglets, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality in piglets.
2 arginine role in endocrine
Arginine can stimulate the body to secrete growth hormone and insulin. Arginine is metabolized to produce ornithine, which in turn produces glutamate, both of which promote the body's release of growth hormone. In addition, NO synthesized by arginine under NOS catalysis can also promote the release of growth hormone. Arginine can also stimulate the release of insulin from humans and other mammals including pigs, cattle and sheep. Growth hormone and insulin play an important role in the metabolism of sugars and proteins in the body tissues.
3The role of arginine in anti-oxidative stress
L-arginine is a free radical scavenger of the body. NO is formed by NOS catalyzing the reaction of L-arginine and molecular oxygen. It is a novel cell information molecule with dilated blood vessels, inhibits platelet aggregation, inhibits cell proliferation, and inhibits Lipid peroxidation and formation of glycosylation end products. In general, NO exerts a beneficial physiological effect in a small dose, and in a large dose, it often causes disease or worsens the condition, and an appropriate amount of NO can scavenge oxygen free radicals. In recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted on the application of L-arginine in the prevention and treatment of free radical injury in rats. Supplementation of L-arginine in rats can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce the content of malondialdehyde, and reduce the oxidative stress. Rat damage improves the body's antioxidant capacity. Supplementation of L-arginine can promote the production of NO, and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in tissues, and decrease the content of MDA, indicating that NO can be significantly reduced by arginine supplementation. Oxidative stress in rats. The anti-oxidative stress of L-arginine in vivo is mainly achieved by the L-arginine-NO pathway.
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