At 7:30 pm Beijing time on October 6th, the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced. Scientists John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard I. Mosel discovered the special cells that make up the brain positioning system (GPS). The results won this award.

Release date: 2014-10-08

At 7:30 pm Beijing time on October 6th, the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced. Scientists John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard I. Mosel discovered the special cells that make up the brain positioning system (GPS). The results won this award.

Scientist John O'Keefe received half of the prize, and the other half was shared by scientists May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Mosel.

Professor John O'Keefe

Professor John O'Keefe was born in New York, USA in 1939. He holds dual nationality in the United States and the United Kingdom. He received his Ph.D. in Physiology and Psychology from McGill University in 1967. He then studied at the University of London and worked at the University of London. John in 1987 Professor O'Keefe was awarded a professor of cognitive neurology, and currently Professor John O'Keefe is the head of the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre at the University of London's Neural Circuit and Behavior.

Professor May-Britt Moser

Professor May-Britt Moser was born in Fosnawage, Norway in 1963. She and her husband, Nobel Prize winner Edvard Moser, studied psychology at the University of Oslo, received a Ph.D. in neurophysiology in 1995, and then studied at the University of Edinburgh, 1996. Professor May-Britt Moser was a visiting scholar at the University of London before going to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. In 2000, he was named a professor of neurology and is currently the head of the Trondheim Neurocomputation Research Center.

Professor Edward I. Moser (Edvard I. Moser)

Professor Edvard I. Moser was born in Orsson, Norway in 1962. He received his Ph.D. in neurophysiology from the University of Oslo in 1995. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Edinburgh. Professor Edvard I. Moser was a visiting scholar at the laboratory of Professor John O'Keefe. 1996 He worked at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. He was named Professor of Neurology in 1998 and is currently the head of the Neuroscience Institute of the Kavli System in Trondheim.

The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine found the positioning system in the brain, the built-in GPS system in the brain, which allows us to achieve self-positioning in space, a cytological basis for studying the mechanisms of higher cognitive function. .

In 1971, Professor John O ́Keefe first discovered the components of the localization system. He found that when the rat was in a specific position indoors, a nerve cell in the hippocampus region of the rat's brain would continue to be activated; When the mouse is placed in another position, other nerve cells are activated, so the researcher John O ́Keefe concludes that these "location cells" can form a spatial map.

In 2005, researchers May-Britt Moser and Professor Edvard Moser discovered additional key components in the brain localization system. They discovered another nerve cell called "grid cells" that can create a space. The coordinate system can help with accurate positioning and target finding, and subsequent research reveals how grid cells can position and navigate.

The research by scientists John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard I. Mosel solves a long-standing problem for scientists, how the brain maps the surrounding environment and how we navigate in complex environments.

Researchers May-Britt Moser and Professor Edvard Moser discovered a special nerve cell-mesh cell in the entorhinal cortex of the brain in 2005. When the rat passes a specific position, these cells are activated and expressed, while the grid cells The position will form a hexagonal grid, each grid cell will react in a specific spatial position, and finally these grid cells will form a coordinate system that can realize spatial navigation.

Grid cells and other cells in the entorhinal cortex can recognize the direction of the animal's head and the boundaries of the room, thus forming a network system of spatial cells in the hippocampus of the brain. These cellular network circuits form a complex and deep positioning system. The brain is built-in GPS, and the GPS system in the human brain and the GPS system in the rat brain have similar components.

Map in the human brain

Recently, advances in brain imaging systems, as well as studies of patients undergoing neurosurgery, have shown that grid cells are also present in the human brain. In patients with Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex are often infected early, and these patients often get lost and cannot recognize the surrounding environment. Therefore, research on brain localization systems helps us understand the mechanisms behind patient spatial memory loss.

The discovery of the brain localization system is a paradigm shift for us to understand the working mechanism of the pluripotent cell population. It opens up new avenues for understanding other recognition processes, such as memory, thinking, planning, and so on.

Source: Bio Valley

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