The development of embryonic mothers of chickens mainly depends on external conditions, ie temperature, humidity, ventilation, and transfer of eggs.

1. Temperature

Temperature is the core condition for successful hatching. The suitable temperature for chick embryo development is 37 to 39.5 °C (98.6 to 103.1 F). The temperature of the incubator should be kept at a constant temperature of 37.8°C (100 hundred) and the temperature of the hatcher should be 37.2°C (990F). When the incubation temperature is high, the embryo develops quickly, but the chick's physique is weak. If the temperature exceeds 42 degrees Celsius, the embryo will die after 2 to 3 hours. The high incubation temperature also hinders the normal absorption of the contents of the eggs. The chicks have short hair, lack of pigment, small body weight, and poor healing of the umbilicus. On the contrary, when the temperature is low, the growth of the embryo is retarded, the hatching is delayed, and the hatching rate is lowered. If the temperature is lower than 24° C., the embryos die after about 30 hours. According to the research, when the chicken embryo is hatched to 10 days, the temperature inside the egg is already 0.4°C higher than that in the incubator, 1.3°C higher at 15 days, 1.9°C higher at 20 days, and 3.3°C higher at the end of incubation. Therefore, it is necessary to create conditions for the heat dissipation of the embryo in the later period of incubation. When using temperature-changing hatching, it should be "changing in order to achieve stability, change in constant middle and change in stability." The principle of temperature control is high in the early stage, moderate in the medium term, and low in the late stage. Attention should be paid to “see the fetal temperature.”

2. Humidity

When the whole batch of hatching, the humidity should master the principle of "high in two, low in the middle". Embryonic embryos need to form amniotic fluid and allantoic fluid at the beginning of hatching. At the same time, higher temperatures are needed. Therefore, the humidity should be slightly higher and the relative humidity should be 65% to 70% to prevent the excessive evaporation of water inside the eggs; In the later period, in order to facilitate the discharge of allantoic fluid and amniotic fluid, the relative humidity is reduced to 50% to 55%. When the chicks are hatched and hatched, in order to prevent the adhesion of the villi to the egg membrane, the gums and hatching difficulties are caused, and the humidity should be increased. Relative humidity should be 65% to 75%. The full humidity and the carbon dioxide in the air make the calcium carbonate in the eggshell become calcium bicarbonate, and the shell becomes brittle, which is conducive to hatching. The humidity of hatching cannot be too high or too low throughout the incubation process. When the humidity is too high, the moisture in the egg is normally evaporated, the allantoic sac is closed slowly, there is an excess of liquid in the hernia sac, the gastrointestinal tract, and the shell is slow. Due to high humidity and high protein content, the protein is not completely absorbed when the chicks are husked, and the protein sticks to the chick's hair and the appearance is very dirty. The chicks are overweight, have enlarged abdomen, have more weak chicks and have lower survival rate. When the humidity is too low, the moisture in the eggs evaporates, and the embryos are also poorly developed. The newly hatched young birds have short, dry, and easy to adhere to the eggshell and the chicks are filthy. Humidity is recorded every 4 hours during the incubation process. When the humidity is low, increase the water tray in the incubator and add 45 to 50°C water to the water tray. Sprinkle water on the indoor floor. If the humidity is too high, reduce the water tray or add less water. The ground should be less watered if the humidity is low. Being too large can enhance indoor ventilation. The relative humidity in the hatchery and hatchery room is kept at about 75%.

3. Ventilation

Ventilation and ventilation have a direct effect on the hatching effect. The hatching process is also the embryonic metabolism of chicks. Embryo development requires sufficient oxygen, but also emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. Poor ventilation and excessive carbon dioxide often lead to increased embryonic death, or abnormalities such as embryo malformation and malposition, reducing hatching rate and chick quality. To increase the hatching rate and the quality of chicks, care must be taken during hatching. It was determined that 1 egg hatched into chicks, and the embryos inhaled oxygen 4000-4500 cubic centimeters, and carbon dioxide emissions were 3000-5000 cubic centimeters. The amount of ventilation depends on the stage of embryonic development. In the early stage of incubation, the embryo needs less oxygen, which can be satisfied by using the oxygen in the yolk, and the amount of ventilation can be less. At this time, the opening of the machine vents can be less. For the first 7 days of general incubation, change the air twice a day for 3 hours each time. In the middle and later stages of incubation, the embryos gradually grow up, metabolism is vigorous, oxygen is needed and the carbon dioxide emitted is increased, and the ventilation volume should be increased. Usually after 7 days of hatching, or continuous incubation, the machine has various embryos, should open the air outlet to ventilate and ventilate constantly, especially when the machine has broken shell hatching, it should continue to change the air, otherwise It is easy to suffocate chickens. Also pay attention to ventilation in the hatchery.

4. turn the egg

According to observations, Baowo chicken used claws and quail to move embryo eggs up to 96 times, which is biological instinct. Physiologically speaking, the egg yolk contains more fat and has a lighter weight. The embryo floats on the surface. If the egg is not turned over for a long time, the embryo will easily adhere. The main purpose of transferring eggs is to change the embryo's orientation, prevent adhesions, and promote amniotic movement. The egg transfer device in the incubator is designed to mimic the swung eggs. However, the number of eggs transferred is much lower than that of broodiness chickens because the purpose of transferring eggs from brood chickens is to regulate the temperature of the embryonic eggs inside and outside.

(1) The number and time of eggs: Generally, 6-8 eggs are transferred per day. In practice, the temperature and humidity are often combined, and the egg is transferred every 2 hours. Some people also claim that it is not less than 10 times a day, and it is more important to transfer eggs from the first to the second week, especially in the first week. The results of the relevant tests: During hatching (1 to 18 days) eggs were not transferred, the hatching rate was only 29%; the eggs were transferred from the first to the seventh day, the hatching rate was 78%; the eggs were transferred from the first to the 14th day, and the hatching rate was 95%; On the 1st to the 18th days, the hatching rate was 92%. It is advisable to stop transferring eggs and transfer them on the 16th day of incubation. This is because after the 12th day of hatching, the ability of chicken embryos to regulate temperature is very strong. At the same time after hatching, the whole body of the embryo has been covered with villi. If the eggs are not transferred, it will not cause the adhesion of embryos. (2) Shifting egg angle: The angle of the egg to the egg is tilted forward 45 degrees in horizontal position. It is appropriate. The angle of egg transfer had an effect on the hatching rate. At 20 degrees, the hatching rate was 69.3%; the hatching rate was 78.9% at 30 degrees and 84.6% at 45 degrees.

5. cool eggs

The purpose of cold eggs is to dissipate heat and regulate temperature. Especially in the later stage of embryonic development, metabolism is vigorous and heat is generated. Excess heat must be expelled in time to prevent embryos from “burning” and causing death. Cold eggs can also improve the viability of the embryos, increase the cold resistance and adaptability of the chicks, and increase the rate of the young chicks. Normal eggs start cold eggs after 7 days of incubation. The method of cooling eggs depends on the hatching method. When the machine is hatched, it is generally used to turn off the power supply, open the valve to cool the air, and open the door when it is hot to accelerate the process of cooling the eggs. Other ways of hatching can be used to increase or decrease the cover or use cool eggs in conjunction with turning eggs. The length of cool eggs should be based on the hatching date and season. Early embryos and cold season should not be too cold to prevent the embryos from getting cold, and the late embryos and hot days should be cooler. Normally, cold eggs are served once a day in winter and spring and autumn two times a day, every 5 to 15 minutes, and in summer, 2 to 3 times a day, every 15 to 30 minutes. The length of cool eggs should also be determined based on the temperature of the eggs. Normally, eyelids can be used to test temperature, that is, sticking eggs to the eyelids and feeling cooler (about 30-33°C) should stop cold eggs. When cold eggs should be noticed: If the embryo is developing slowly, cool eggs can be suspended. In the case of over-temperature, do not suddenly spray cool the cool eggs. In the summer, under high temperature conditions, first sprinkle water on the ground to increase the humidity in the incubator and cool the eggs. The cold egg should not be too long, otherwise the number of stillbirths will increase and the umbilical cord will heal poorly.

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