Peanuts are crops with severe crop failures. Continuous cropping is difficult to achieve high yields, and production is reduced. Even in the short-term (1 to 2 years) crop rotation, it is difficult to obtain high yields. The continuous cropping of peanuts is reduced by about 20% for one year, and the output is reduced by more than 30% for two consecutive crops. The longer the number of years, the greater the reduction in output. Under continuous cropping conditions, some soil-borne diseases, such as wilt disease and nematode disease, have left behind a large number of pathogenic bacteria in the soil, causing the disease to become heavier every year. In addition, peanuts have a certain degree of selectivity in the absorption of nutrients in the soil. Continuous planting on the same land is bound to make certain nutrient elements lack, so that the peanuts can not grow normally and affect the yield.
(1) Effects of continuous cropping on soil microbial groups
According to research, the change in soil microbial flora is the main reason for the continuous production of peanuts. Peanut continuous cropping, due to root exudates, residual plant residues in the soil and relatively consistent farming conditions and management methods, formed a specific continuous cropping peanut soil and rhizosphere microbial groups. The outstanding features are: With the increase of continuous cropping years, the soil and rhizosphere fungus increase greatly, bacteria and actinomycetes are greatly reduced, the bacterial soil is transformed into fungal soil, the beneficial microbial activity is weakened, and soil fertility is caused. Cause peanut growth and development; soil actinomycetes in many strains can secrete antibiotics, inhibition of long-term growth of harmful microorganisms, continuous crops caused by actinomycete reduction, resulting in aggravated peanut disease.
(2) Effects of continuous cropping on available nutrients in soil
In the continuous cropping of peanuts, the content of available nutrients in the soil has changed significantly. Phosphorus, potassium and other macroelements and trace elements such as copper, manganese, and zinc have decreased significantly with the increase in continuous cropping years, which is another reason for the reduction of peanut production.
(3) Effects of continuous cropping on soil enzyme activity
Peanut continuous cropping has a significant impact on the activity of the main hydrolytic enzymes in the soil, which is another reason for the continuous production reduction of peanuts. With the increase of continuous cropping years, the activity of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and urease decreased, especially the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased most significantly, followed by sucrase. Alkaline phosphatase is an important phosphohydrolase. Under the action of the enzyme, phosphate can be transformed into a state that plants can absorb and use. Invertase is involved in the biochemical transformation of carbohydrates in soil, and the decrease of invertase activity will inevitably lead to Reduce the effective nutrients; urease can promote the decomposition of urea, its activity is reduced, it will inevitably affect the decomposition of urea, so even for peanuts even if more urea is applied, the plant growth is still worse than the rotation.
(1) Comprehensive prevention
Comprehensive prevention and control is the combination of winter deep plowing, fertilization, filming, selection of heavy-tolerant varieties, pest and disease control technologies, and comprehensive prevention and control of continuous cropping peanuts to eliminate continuous cropping obstacles to peanuts. Through deep-turning or film-covering cultivation, soil physical and chemical properties can be effectively improved and the activity of soil microorganisms can be promoted. Increasing organic fertilizer can increase soil fertility and be conducive to the reproduction of soil microorganisms; phosphorus and potash fertilizers can be added to supplement boron properly. Trace elements such as molybdenum, manganese, iron, and zinc are beneficial to improve the growth and development caused by the lack of nutrients; strengthen the control of pests and diseases to avoid or reduce the damage of pests and diseases of peanuts; and use resistant varieties to improve the adverse environment Adaptability to reduce the impact of continuous cropping on peanut production.
(2) Soil turnover and improved soil turnover improvement
The 0 to 30 centimeters of plough layer soil in situ is translated into the lower part, and the soil below 7~10 centimeters is turned over to the surface, which not only increases the plough layer, but also changes the physical and chemical properties of the continuous cropping peanut soil. Created a new micro-ecological environment; at the same time, reduced the occurrence of weeds and leaf spot disease, but also greatly increased continuous cropping peanut production. However, organic fertilizers and fast-acting fertilizers should be added after the overturning. However, this method should not be used for land that is too shallow or whose soil and soil is too viscous.
(3) Application of soil microbial improver
Soil microbial amendments have the ability to sterilize soils and improve soils. They can kill soil-borne pathogens without killing bacteria and actinomycetes that are beneficial to the soil; they can form soil pellets and improve the ability of soil to retain water and fertility. It can activate soil phosphorus and increase the utilization of phosphorus. It is also the most effective way to relieve continuous cropping obstacles of peanuts by directly applying beneficial microbial preparations or applying preparations that can inhibit or even eliminate harmful microorganisms in the soil and promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms in continuous cropping peanut soils, so as to restore continuous cropping soil and maintain a healthy ecological environment.
(4) Cover Cultivation
The increase of temperature and moisture of the plastic film and the effect of improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil promote the activity of soil microorganisms. It was determined that the total number of microorganisms in the film-covered soil was 32.6%-37.65% more than that of the uncoated soil, with the increase of actinomycetes being 61.4%-87.5%, the ammoniated bacteria increasing 8.5%-11%, and the increase of phosphorus bacteria by 30%-33.2%. Potassium bacteria increased by 59.70/~60.2%. Therefore, the coating has a certain compensatory effect on the significant reduction of bacteria and actinomycetes caused by continuous cropping. Therefore, continuous cropping of peanuts requires high yields and the use of mulching is an effective measure.
(5) Simulation rotation
The simulated rotation is the use of gap time after harvesting of peanuts and before sowing of peanuts. The autumn and winter crops are sown, and the soluble organic compounds and inorganic compounds secreted by them are used to influence and change the activity of the microorganisms in the soil of continuous cropping peanuts, and before or after the freezing. In the early spring, the autumn and winter crops were turned over to further improve the composition of the microbial communities in the continuous cropping peanuts, so that they not only played the role of crop rotation, but also did not affect the sowing peanuts. To ensure the crop rotation and turning time for the crop rotation. Sowing should be carried out immediately after the peanuts are harvested; the overturning should be carried out before freezing or early spring; the sowing method should be suitable for sowing or narrow-row dense planting; appropriate nitrogen fertilizer should be added during overturning in order to promote the crop rotation of crop plants. break down.
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