At the end of 2015, former US President Jimmy Carter announced an explosive news. After using Merck's immune checkpoint inhibitor PD-1 antibody drug Keytruda, the melanoma that had metastasized to his brain disappeared. This makes Keytruda an anti-cancer drug.
However, a large number of clinical studies have shown that the response rate of PD-1 antibody to advanced melanoma is only about 28%, even with a combination of CTLA-4 inhibitors, the response rate is only 40% (1). This medicine seems to take extra care of the President.
According to statistics, 2 million to 3 million non-melanoma skin cancers and more than 130,000 malignant melanomas are diagnosed each year worldwide. It seems that most patients are not very effective after using PD-1 antibody. Scientists need to know the reason behind it.
At the beginning of April 2017, NewLink Genetics, a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to providing new immunotherapy for cancer patients, saw new hopes. Their phase II clinical study showed that if you use Keytruda with your IDO inhibitor indoximod, 52% of patients will have a significant shrinkage or complete disappearance, and 73% of patients will be under control. . Almost doubled the therapeutic effect of Keytruda! Moreover, the incidence of adverse reactions to combination therapy is low, significantly better than other types of immunotherapy currently used in clinical practice.
What is this IDO? Oh, how powerful is this?
In fact, IDO is no stranger to scientists, but the previous research on IDO was limited to the control of autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders (3). Its full name is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, forget it, or just say it, IDO is actually an important enzyme in the body's metabolism of tryptophan, responsible for the degradation of tryptophan.
IDO degradation of tryptophan
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