Pain is a very important sensation. The pain nerves are hidden in our skin, tissues and organs and can be activated by heat, cold, stress, chemicals and so on. Neurons transmit these signals to the central nervous system through synapses, activate neurons in our spinal cord, and further activate the regions of our cerebral cortex that are responsible for these signals. The central nervous system thus produces consciousness, and we will make a "snap".
This system has evolved very quickly, so when our hands just touch the flames, they will unconsciously recover.
To see the history of our human response to pain, the most effective painkiller should be opium. Morphine is an extract of poppy and a long-term analgesic used by pharmacologists and medical workers. Its history dates back to 1817.
Morphine and synthetic opioids, such as codeine, fentanyl, etc., bind to opioid receptors and inhibit the activation of neural signals. These drugs block the transmission of pain signals to the brain's center.
In fact, some of our nerve cells also secrete a class of opioid peptides called enkephalin, which also bind to opioid receptors and block the transmission of pain signals. Until 1970, the study found that painkillers such as morphine have the same molecular mechanism as enkephalin.
But what does this have to do with saliva? In 2006, French researchers discovered a polypeptide called opiorphin from human saliva, which is similar to enkephalin, but unlike enkephalin, opiorphin prevents degradation of enkephalin. Thus, opiorphin can cause an increase in enkephalin in the human body, ultimately blocking the signaling process of pain. Therefore, in theory, Opiorphin also has a certain analgesic effect, and there will be no negative effects such as addiction. However, the problem with opiorphin is that it is easily degraded in the digestive tract or blood vessels, so it may have lost its function when it has not reached the lesion.
In response to this problem, French researchers have developed an analog of opiorphin called STR-324, which has a markedly enhanced stability compared to opiorphin. The drug can be administered orally or intravenously, but only the injection method has been validated. Through rat-level tests, the researchers found that the drug had a lower analgesic effect than morphine. Human level testing will be conducted later this year.
In addition, there is evidence that STR-324 can provide effective analgesic effects for different types of pain. Neuropathic pain is one of the biggest health problems for viral infections and diabetics. And if the drug can provide better protection than morphine without causing side effects such as addiction, it will be a promising clinical drug.
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